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None of the Above

When colleges ask applicants about their race or ethnicity, the forms always say that the question is optional. Increasingly, students are exercising their option — and not answering the question.

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Between 1991 and 2001, the number of such students increased by just over 100 percent, to 938,000, according to the latest “Minorities in Higher Education” report, released Monday by the American Council on Education. The numbers indicate that there are more college students whose race or ethnicity is unknown than there are Asian American students (937,000).

Why are so many more students declining to check a box? Theories abound, but the ACE researchers said that they really didn’t know. However, the data do cast doubt on some of the theories.

For example, some admissions officers who have noticed this trend in recent years have blamed the debate over affirmative action. Some white students, they speculate, may think that they stand a better chance of admission by not checking white. Or minority students, fearful that stereotypes may hurt their chances of admission, want to be vague about their status.

But Eugene L. Anderson of ACE’s Center for Policy Analysis, a co-author of the report, said that a third of the “no race” students are at community colleges, where open admissions means that there is no edge to be gained by being a minority or white student. And well over 500,000 “no race” students are enrolled at colleges that admit at least 75 percent of applicants — so there isn’t much of an admissions gain to be had.

Other theories that have been suggested: Students of multiple races or ethnicities don’t like being forced to pick one. More students reject the idea of race or ethnicity altogether. More Latino students, who are frequently asked to designate a race after declaring themselves Latino, reject the race question.

Anderson said that some combination of factors are probably at play, and that the factors may differ from institution to institution. But he said it was important for colleges to get a handle on the issue. Educators and government officials look at enrollment demographics to try to figure out which groups may need more attention.

“This makes things a little more complicated for policy makers,” Anderson said. “These students are coming from some other group, and the numbers for that group — whichever it may be — may be depressed to some extent.”

The ACE report contains relatively little new data. The study’s value is that it brings together considerable data — from the Education Department, the Census Bureau and other sources — in a single place. The report is also useful in examining long-term trends. The data for the last decade examined in the report show colleges becoming increasingly diverse, with every minority group showing substantial gains:

Group

1991

2001

Change in Decade

White

10,602,935

10,120,366

-4.6%

Black

1,283,249

1,756,684

+36.9%

Hispanic

833,675

1,460,088

+75.1%

Asian American

610,466

937,953

+53.7%

American Indian

110,678

149,764

+35.3%

Foreign students

416,080

564,609

+35.7%

Race/ethnicity unknown

467,596

938,523

+100.7%

Total

14,324,659

15,927,987

+11.2%

The one group that did not gain during that decade was white students. ACE officials said that the decline in white enrollments reflected a drop in the population of white high school graduates, and was not a reflection of some educational crisis facing white people.

The enrollment patterns were not uniform across the different sectors of higher education. Hispanic students, for example, made larger gains at two-year institutions during the last decade (up 82.1 percent) than at four-year institutions (up 67.6 percent). White enrollment fell more substantially at two-year colleges (down 7.8 percent) than at four-year institutions (down 2.3 percent).

The message of ACE officials presenting the data was that while there has been much progress, colleges have a ways to go. Black, Hispanic and American Indian students all lag behind their share of the population when it comes to college enrollment and degrees earned.

Copies of the report (Item #310479) are available from the ACE Fulfillment Service, Department 191, Washington, D.C. 20055-0191, or by calling (301) 632-6757. The report includes a CD-ROM with data files suitable for use in spreadsheets.

Scott Jaschik

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Comments

1962 I’m enlisting in the USAF and I’m checking over papers and the form in my hand says I’m “white". Why? I ask and the sergeant says that it says that because I’m “white". It’s obvious from looking at you, he says. You’re knocking one of my great and one of my gteat-great grandmothers I say. They were Cherokee Indians....at least that is what was said in public. There are some in the family who said maybe a little darker but the state of Virginia had laws so better they should be indians instaed of black. I’m 3/32 something else so “white may not be right, can’t we just leave the box unchecked? The sergeant, who was black laughed and said it was ok with him if it was ok with me. I may have been the first ‘none of the above’ or ‘other’ in Uncle Sam’s Air Force in October of 1962. In the 43 years since I have never checked a box other than ‘other’ and I have found it upsets other people much more than I think it should. ED CABANISSHolden Beach, NC

Ed Cabaniss, at 1:37 pm EST on February 16, 2005

When ever I am asked on any form, application, etc what my race, ethnicity etc, is I always check the OTHER BOX and write-in

AMERICAN

Because that is what I am...

cowgirl, at 1:36 pm EST on February 16, 2005

None of the above

When I applied to the University of Miami School of Law, I also left a blank space next to the question about my race. But somehow, subsequent records kept coming back identifying me as “white.”

I pestered the registrar for about a year trying to get to the bottom of why my records listed me as “white", but never received an answer. I suspect that many college admissions departments will assume that non-respondents are white.

In other words, I strongly suspect that college admissions departments take the position that while the information about race is not mandatory, they will hold it against you if you fail to give it to them!

Brant Hadaway, at 1:38 pm EST on February 16, 2005

I’m not a student, but like most people I run into these sort of race questions all the time. At one point, I decided to start responding “Human", but later decided that was to anthropocentric. I now put in “Earthling". No one has ever said anything. (I believe they are not allowed to comment or challenge any classification.)The point is that I don’t want it to matter. I want it to be a non-issue. Maybe more people are feeling that way, and maybe that means we are making progress.

Marlowe, at 1:38 pm EST on February 16, 2005

No racial disclosure

It’s about the money. Universities, even those who admit 75% of their applicants, will award scholarships based on race. My son, a high school senior, did not indicate his race on his applications. His SAT score, 1440, would usually merit some consideration for non-need based financial aid at “traditional” Universities. He received calls from some of these Universities asking for his “race.” Once he said “white,” they hung up.

Jack Ryan, at 1:45 pm EST on February 16, 2005

My wife moved to the U.S. about 8 years ago and enrolled in a local university. She did not like the idea of checking the race ID box, and she asked me why America was so racist. I replied it was the good liberals who love diversity that want you to check that box.

When I completed a doctorate in engineering, the school gave me a demographic survey, prepared by some federal agency, to fill out. I did fill it out except for the “race box.” Several weeks later, I received a letter from that federal agency requesting that I provide my race as it was important to their demographic analysis.

I did not reply that letter.

dpt, at 1:46 pm EST on February 16, 2005

Additional Explanatory Factor

In an age when the most intimate details of our personal lives are collected and shared amongst powerful institutions (corporations, credit agencies, government agencies), it may be that some students merely wish to protect as much personal information as feasible. If true, this thesis also implies that there are serious trust issues between institutions of higher education and their customers. My own encounter with this system of personal data collection in its infancy in the early 1980’s certainly engendered trust issues.

The Midwestern land grant university I attended seemed eager to collect highly personal information about race, ethnicity, etc. at any available opportunity, always with the assurance that this information would remain secure and not be shared with any other parties. I tested this assurance by submitting false information about my race and religion. I evolved from a white Christian into an African-American Jew. Quite by coincidence, or so I was supposed to believe, I found myself the object of a relentless four-year membership campaign through the campus mail from the Legion of Black Collegians and Hillel.

Solve the trust issues and maybe these institutions can solve their information problem.

Tongueboy, at 1:47 pm EST on February 16, 2005

One reason for racial information being omitted by some students jumps immediately to my mind, but is not mentioned in the article: maybe the students think it just isn’t important in that context. Maybe some students think that their race is about as relevant, on a college application, as their shoe size.

Tim, at 1:46 pm EST on February 16, 2005

When I was about eight, there was a form in schoschool that asked about what was then called"nationality.” I asked my mother, who was born in Russia but would never admit it, what my nationality was and she said: “Put down American.”

I have followed this excellent advice ever since.

Miriam, at 7:06 pm EST on February 16, 2005

In my opinion, leaving the box unchecked, or checking “other", or using “human” or “American” as substitute labels is, at best, marginally effective at gumming up the racial classification machinery that seems so important to higher education and the government. A better way is to simply choose the opposite of what you are “supposed” to choose. If the college admissions officer would call you white if she saw you, check off black. If the census taker would call you black if he saw you, check off Native American. Since racial categories are close to meaningless in anything other than a vague sociological sense, one answer is as good as another. Besides, by not checking a box, you leave open the possibility that the admissions officer will check it for you. If a “white” person identifies himself as black, it will be much harder for a bureaucrat to “correct” the information. And it sets up some really interesting test cases for the legal system when scholarships are withdrawn after supposed black students turn out to be “white".

BB, at 7:05 pm EST on February 16, 2005

IQ

The article mentions that students of particular racial types are “underrepresented” in college: “Black, Hispanic and American Indian students all lag behind their share of the population when it comes to college enrollment and degrees earned."This is a misrepresentation. When corrected for IQ, the statistics show no underrepresentation, but overrepresentation, because of the racist effects of “affirmative action". And to say that IQ is unimportant for college achievement is to deny reality. Higher education experts should be aware of and correct these statistical distortions.

Robert Speirs, Mr., at 7:05 pm EST on February 16, 2005

I’m 21, female, a college student, and fairly politically center (perhaps a tad more right than left). In the list of what I consider in personally defining my identity, race barely registers. The only cultural attachment I have is American, and I always decline to state race on any forms or applications, as a matter of principle and because it is completely irrelevant to any of my values. If forced to it I would say white, but through my mother’s family I could also say hispanic. I am currently filling out applications to transfer to other colleges and they all ask for my race— and I find myself looking at it opportunistically. I know I would have an edge in admission to most schools if I marked hispanic. I have no cultural identification with or affection for any hispanic cultures, but the blood is there, for whaterver it’s worth. So now I wonder- do I snub the affirmative action ideology or do I take advantage of the system?

M. Danielle, at 10:40 am EST on February 17, 2005

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