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Burying the Mascot Hatchet

The National Collegiate Athletic Association last week banned the use of Native American team names and mascots in postseason play, upsetting the 18 colleges that use the symbols, and leaving fans at many of those institutions saying that it would be terrible to change.

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In fact, many colleges (see list at bottom of article) have changed their mascots and symbols away from Native American imagery, and officials at these colleges report that while a few alumni never get over it, most people are happy with the change, and alumni pride has not suffered.

Stanford University, home to one of the most successful athletic programs in the country, changed from Indians to Cardinal (the color, not the bird) in 1972. The move came after a small group of Native American students and staff members appealed to the administration. “Stanford took pride in making a change without being forced,” said Bill Stone, emeritus president of the Stanford Alumni Association, and an assistant to the president during the change.

Stone said there is still a small group of “recalcitrant senior alumni,” but that the Cardinal, which was selected over “Robber Barons” (the winner in a student election), has been embraced for the most part. Stone recalled the concerns that the students had in 1972, describing what Stone called the image on “bookstore tschocchkes” of “a bold nosed Indian who looked like he had too much of an adult beverage,” and the “show-biz adaptation” half-time dances of Prince Lightfoot. He said the Indian students were correct to argue that the mascot perpetuated a stereotype that made it hard for them to tell real stories about their community.

In support of Native American mascots, some people, including Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, have said that the mascots, like the Florida State University’s Seminole, honor Native Americans. But Native Americans at institutions that have changed report great pride and an increased sense of connection to their universities.

“It’s ridiculous,” said Winona Simms, director of Stanford’s Native American Cultural Center, of Governor Bush’s claim. Simms, who is a Muscogee/Yuchi Native American, said that the music and dances portrayed in half-time shows are distorted depictions of culture. “Watching mascots dance to the tom-tom is sort of degrading,” she said. “The drum is a significant part of Native American culture, the heartbeat of the people. [The mascot’s drumming] is not a heartbeat, it’s a jangle, increasingly frantic.”

She added that the head of Osceola, currently the Florida State emblem, is not a happy symbol. Osceola was a famous Seminole chief in the 19th century, and, Simms said, the governor of Florida at the time of Osceola’s death kept the chief’s head on his bed post. “To see that in the middle of that in the middle of the field…Is that pride?” she said.

In 1991, Eastern Michigan University changed from the Hurons to the Eagles, mid-basketball season, in a year that the team made the NCAA tournament. Some alumni — notably the Huron Restoration Alumni Chapter — have never gotten over the change. “There’s a group of hardcore people that have stayed away,” said Jim Streeter, director of sports information. “But, in general, I think time has kind of healed most of the wounds. There’s probably a group of several hundred that have not come back to games or anything.”

Streeter said the strongest opposition came from older, ex-athletes. “One is close to 90, and has sworn off EMU completely,” he said. According to Streeter, the problem now is that the university ended up with a generic mascot. “There was actually a committee of 30 people to come up with ‘Eagles’,” he said. “Hurons wasn’t really extendable,” he added, referring to the fact that the university had already decided not to portray the mascot as cartoonish in marketing. “But people felt like it was unique.”

Miami University of Ohio has increased clothing sales since the institution changed from the Redskins in 1996. Richard Little, a university spokesman who organized the effort to switch mascots after the decision was made, said the university worked with the Miami tribe to come up with Redhawks, a term the tribe used to describe red-tailed hawks. Before switching, Little said the dancing mascot was made to learn actual Native American dances, but that was not enough to stave off a change.

Little said Miami decided to keep the colors and number of letters in the team names to ease marketing changes. He said the hawk is much more flexible in terms of promoting sales, because it can be used in cartoons for children’s clothes, or portrayed in different moods.

“Our sales have gone up,” he said, adding that some of that is due to two recent alums: Ben Rothlisberger, the Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback, and Wally Szczerbiak, a forward on the Minnesota Timberwolves. “My advice: make sure to spend effort coming up with good graphic appeal.” He said you still hear some “Let’s go Redskins” from the stands, but that it isn’t a prominent issue at this point. “Really, you’ll get support for any name if you win.”

Stanford’s Stone, who is a consultant to colleges on external relations issues, said that some alumni threatened not to donate because of the change, but said he found they usually already were not donating. He’ll still see some “once an Indian, always an Indian” pins on older alumni at reunions. But, he said, “you can’t really tell alumni what to wear. You know, ‘How many polyesters died to make those pants?”

A Sampling of Colleges That Changed Team Names or Mascots

College

Old Name or Mascot

New Name or Mascot

Adams State

Indians

Grizzlies

Chemeketa Community College

Chiefs

Storm

Cumberland

Indians

Patriots

Dartmouth

Indians

Big Green

Dickinson State

Savages

Blue Hawks

Hartwick

Warriors

Hawks

Illinois Valley Community College

Apaches

Eagles

Mass. College of Liberal Arts

Mohawks

Trailblazers

Morningside

Maroon Chiefs

Mustangs

Oklahoma City U.

Chiefs

Stars

Quinnipiac

Braves

Bobcats

Saint Bonaventure

Brown Indian

Bona Wolf

St. John’s (N.Y.)

Redmen

Redstorm

Saint Mary’s (Minn.)

Redmen

Cardinals

Seattle U.

Chieftains

Redhawks

Sienna

Indians

Saints

Simpson

Redmen

Storm

Southeastern CC (Iowa)

Blackhawks

Black Hawks

Southern Nazarene

Redskins

Crimson Storm

U. of Tennessee at Chattanooga

Mocassins

Mocs (as in mockingbird)

David Epstein

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Comments

Native American names

To name a city or state for a Native American tribe or nation honors that entity. and the more they do that the better. To use those names in caricature, as with the Illinois “Indian” Is unforgivable.An profit oriented entity that uses those names should pay for the use. Would you want them to use your name for a product And not pay you?

Robert G Roloff, Grandfather, at 2:45 pm EDT on June 26, 2007

It is good thing Eastern Michigan dropped Huron as its nickname. Now, what about that damn lake? That is so offensive.

And that car brand, Pontiac. When will GM drop it becuase it so offensive? And that town in Michigan, Pontiac. When will it get dropped?

Since Illini and Ute is offensive, when will we force Illinois and Utah to change their names?

Our country cannot rest with such offensive names bantered about so casually. Today, nicknames. Tomorrow, car brands.

George, at 9:07 am EDT on August 12, 2005

Where Does It End?

We can search the nation for city symbols, logos, mascots, buildings, words, and icons that someone finds offensive and wipe them all off of our school, community, city, and national heritage, but where does it end? This is not just a question of eliminating mascots that schools have had for fifty years or more, it is a question of scouring ever square inch of the land. Many cities are being forced to change their city logo they have had for a century or more. Soon red pens will no longer be allowed on student papers, because studies show that students find red pens offensive. In fact, the elimination of red pens all together would be preferrable so that no teacher might even think of using red. No matter how politically correct we might try to be, someone will find what we say or think or do offensive.

Candice, at 10:47 am EDT on August 12, 2005

An Amazing Debate

I am somewhere around 1/32 Native American. One of my ancestors married a Native American about five or six generations ago. Legally and intellectually, I am not Native American, however.

I live in Indiana. (There’s one of those “Indian” states!) The capitol is Indianapolis, where the best minor league park in America is located — home of the Indianapolis Indians.

The great Chief Tecumseh once roamed the area of the state where I live. There is a memorial near here commemorating his defeat by an army led by William Henry Harrison. It is a favorite picnic spot for many. Every child in this area knows the story of Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet.

I grew up in this area. In elementary school, I was a Durgan Arrow. In jr. high, I was a Tecumseh Brave. Other schools bear Native American names and mascots. In the southern area of my town are neighborhoods built during the post-WWII housing boom. The streets are named after Indian tribes — Iroquois, Choctaw, Dakota and countless others.

I was in Cub Scouts and Boy Scouts, which contain some Native American symbolism. Most recently, I and my daughters participated in the YMCA’s Y-Indian Guide program. We belonged to the Fox tribe. We took Indian names. The girls earned feathers for special projects, one of which required writing a report on a Native American tribe. They wore their feathers in a special headband. That program has now been revised; the Indian symbolism is gone. But it was never about pretending to be an Indian, it was about spending time with my daughters.

Native American symbols are indeed part of the fabric of my life. I’m certain that in no way are (or were) any of the symbols used as a tool to marginalize or degrade Native Americans. I’ve always seen them as respectful. So when the NCAA ruling became public, I was dismayed.

Carol Spindel’s August 9 essay was very thoughtful and I learned something. Maybe I have become “numb” to the symbols that are part of my everyday life. So much so that it’s possible I’m unable to understand why it’s an issue.

Recently, I watched “Into The West,” Steven Speilberg’s western saga. I was saddened by the depicted treatment of Native Americans. Maybe Speilberg manipulated my emotions — but isn’t that what films are supposed to do? What opened my eyes were the scenes involving the school where the children were “assimilated.” I kept thinking, “There was a better way to do this. There HAD to be a better way!”

And I have been aware of the truth of the treatment of Native Americans for some time. How can I not be? Through media, books, films, etc., the story has been told countless times. No one can say they don’t have at least a cursory understanding of the truth.

Yet, if the streets in my town are changed under pressure from Native Americans, I will still be dismayed. I can’t make the connection between a street sign, or a picture of my daughter wearing her Indian Princess headband, and the degradation experienced by Native Americans that continues even today.

I hope my simple understanding of that awful degradation, and my prayers for Native Americans today, will be enough.

Tom McCool, at 10:47 am EDT on August 12, 2005

The fact of the matter is that naming a street or town after Native Americans is worlds different than having them be mascots who are cheered on by thousands of screaming fans. Jeb Bush’s claim that it is honoring the Native Americans, give me a break. The Detroit Lions are not honoring lions, it is just a good mascot, so the same goes for Florida State with the Seminoles. I do agree that we cannot change everything, but this is an issue where if people are seriously offended then we need to listen.

Will, at 11:57 am EDT on August 12, 2005

Sticks and stones

A government—or any lesser governing body—that begins by censoring words or images will end by censoring ideas. Brutally. Savagely. This paraphrase of Supreme Court Justice John Harlan’s words in COHEN v. CALIFORNIA (1971) captures a profoundly distressing truth, a truth pointedly ignored or misunderstood by ideologues convinced their scrubbed speech should squelch every other.

And less than a year ago, without governmental sponsorship (not that it is difficult to find such), an Islamic madman slaughtered Theo Van Gogh on the street in Amsterdam because the killer was “offended” by Van Gogh’s expression of his ideas. I know that there is a difference in degree between such behavior and what “purists” in America insist upon, but I fail to see any distinction in kind. Unchecked, their vision inevitably generates a proliferation of red skins, skins saturated in blood.

John Bonnell, Professor of English at Macomb Community College, at 12:39 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

Dartmouth mascot

Not to be petty, but Dartmouth had the “Big Green” nickname long before it dropped the Indian mascot. The nickname simply remained in use when they abandoned the Indian. They have not seen the need to adopt a replacement mascot, though Keggy the Keg has made a few appearances.

Big Green, at 1:16 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

Censorship? He he.

Professor Bonnell, your post is poetic but fails to point to any example of government censorship related to the Indian mascot issue. Only one of the schools mentioned in the article, I believe, is even related to a state government, and the article gives no indication that it censored anyone in dropping its Huron mascot.

The Theo van Gogh reference is absurd. Are commenting on some other article, perhaps one about government censorship in the Middle East?

Scott, at 1:28 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

Censorship is a horrible horrible thing...

I believe that we are only free when every individual can freely express him or herself in the way that he or she sees best. Why re-name athletic teams?

Personally, if someone perchance wished to change a team name of their own free will, to something more interesting than “Eagle” or “Hawk” affiliation, they could be a little more creative. I know all the free speech advocates who have commented to this, and past mascot-associated columns, would agree that a team name of The Puritan White Crackers, with a mascot of an obese white male rolling on the ground playing drum beats off his own protruding stomach would be quite a sight to cheer on! This mascot would represent all the power and strength of the male, white leaders that helped build this country—what team would not want that symbolism? Perhaps, even, as a half-time show the PWC, or “Cracker” for short, would wear a crown and dress up in his best Sunday clothes and kick people born to a less fortunate social class than himself, all the while pronouncing himself the King of all jack—-oh, pardon, no offensive language should be used, because that might denegrate the character or be offensive to younger audiences...we must think about t-shirt sales! Or maybe we could name a team after a prominant black leader from the Civil Rights age, someone with strength and courage—great team attributes...and then innacurately depict his or her (Rosa Parks was a pretty strong civil rights catalyst) role in history?

I remember reading a proposal by a brilliant young mind, I believe his name was Jonathan Swift, something about solving overpopulation problems...I meant to read it but I’ve been too busy yelling fire in crowded public places.

Evan, The school of innocent bystanders, at 1:58 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

mascot names

Evan, you crack me up. Your idea was similar to my own: I wanted a team just called the White Christians. Their mascot would be a guy in a long white gown, flowing hair, a soft beard, and bleeding wrists. Whenever the team scored he could run out to the 50 yard line and lie down with his arms spread and his feet crossed. Up in the stands, the crowd would be waving big foam hands with nail holes in the palms. They could shower the field with white bread or crackers when they got angry at the ref.

What? That would be incredibly offensive? Yeah, it sure would. Even if someone said they were doing it to honor the culture and religion of white folks and/or Christians.

The only reason this is even a debate is that American Indians don’t (yet) have the numbers to act as ignorantly and arrogantly as the rest of us do and impose their prejudices on other groups. It’s not about being “politically correct” (which, you know, is a phrase almost exclusively by people who’ve been caught out being offensive jerks, know it, and don’t want to admit it). It’s about being grown-ups, and about extending the same rights to self-description and self-determination to others as you would want for yourself.

If a Cherokee-majority high school wants to call themselves something like the Sequoyahs, they have the right. If Notre Dame wants to remain the Fighting Irish, they can. But for a majority-white school to get its back up and whine about its “heritage” is unbelievable—it’s NOT their heritage! It’s someone else’s! (Or at least they could be honest and call themselves the Indian Killers, or the Smallpox-Blanket Givers, how about those?)

And on a slightly different tack, “Hawks"? “Storm"? Snooze. Why not look for a local name like Cornhuskers, Wheatshockers, Ichabods, Packers, Boilermakers, Longshoremen, etc.? Those are all great names that really do speak to the heritage of the people who wear their logos. They’re distinctive, creative, and cool. If someone makes fun of you for being a Cornhusker, you have a heck of a lot more right to kick their butt defending the honor of Cornhuskerdom than you ever did in defending the “honor” of a cariciture of the people who got removed from the land-grant at the point of a bayonet.

Sheryl, at 3:37 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

The story today about alumni and others getting over the name change for the most part seems has also happened here in North Central Illinois when Illinois Valley Community College change the name from Apache to Eagles a few years ago. I’m aware that there are some people that still don’t like the change, but that is also in the context of a few other changes that occurred at the college in the past nine years or so that people haven’t liked either. So for the most part it is now a non-issue. I also have been rather taken aback at the depth of the anger and viseral reaction of some people who have responded to the stories on insidehighered.com regarding this issue. I wonder if there might be something else behind that reaction than just the name change? I grew up near Cleveland and have a passion for that city’s baseball team. But I realize that it’s not the name “Indians” that I am attached to, it’s the memoriesof growing up, going to the ballpark, my emotional attachments to the game, the area etc. The team could have been named the Cleveland “Spiders” (the orignial AL team name) and I would still feel the same attachement to the team. I think people should try to detach the team nickname from the fond memories of the experiences they had while in college or following their local team. If the Cleveland Indians or FSU Seminoles is ok, what about the Cleveland “Jews” or Cleveland “Asians” or FSU “Negros” — I hope that most of us would not accept those nicknames, therefore, Indian related names should not be used.

Steve, at 4:56 pm EDT on August 12, 2005

Genius

There is a guy in Iowa sitting very smugly right now thinking he outsmarted them hippie trouble makers when he decided to change the name of his college mascot from the Blackhawks to the Black Hawks. Genius. Simply genius.

Daniel, Genius, at 4:57 am EDT on August 13, 2005

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