Advertisement

Advertisement

News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education

Moving Beyond Test Scores

By many measures, this fall’s freshman class at the University of Kentucky is just what the university was looking for. For the second year in a row, the number of applications topped 10,000 (for a class of just over 3,800), and university officials could boast about increasing numbers of applicants with high ACT scores or high school grades.

Related stories

But there was a glaring exception to all the good news: The numbers of black students admitted and enrolling were way down. Of the 757 black applicants for admission this fall (roughly the same as last year’s total), 360 were admitted (down from 481) and 151 enrolled (down from 256). In explaining the 40 percent drop in black freshmen, Kentucky officials cited the higher ACT scores, on average, of white students. Those comments infuriated black legislators and other leaders, who said that the university was implying that black students could not succeed at Kentucky.

Last week, the university moved to repair those relations — and to attract more black students — by announcing a major change in admissions policy. For the first time, the university will be adding essays to applications and those essays will emphasize diversity issues. The university also announced a “holistic” approach to admissions in which those essays and other factors will receive in-depth attention. Previously, test scores and grades in high school were the basis of admissions decisions.

Other public institutions — such as the University of California and the University of Michigan — have made similar shifts to a holistic approach. But they acted following a referendum and a Supreme Court ruling, respectively. Those institutions are also — by the standards of public institutions — wealthy. Reading essays for every student and refusing to rule anyone out because of a test score — as Kentucky is now pledging to do — requires a larger admissions staff of the sort that is common at private institutions but difficult to support at many large publics. Lee Todd, the president of Kentucky, announced that three additional admissions readers would be hired immediately (on top of six already employed) and five additional positions would be created to recruit students.

“We want to look beyond test scores, at all of the things that make up a person,” said Don Witt, assistant provost for enrollment management and director of undergraduate admissions at Kentucky. Witt said that the drop on black enrollments was a “hard blow” but that he hoped it had led to a “healthy” change in university policies.

The university has seen ever increasing test scores, making Kentucky more competitive, Witt said. “But at what cost?” he asked. “We need to remember that many students come to the university with low test scores and succeed.”

To identify such students, Kentucky will now ask much more detailed questions about non-academic experiences, and will also ask all applicants three open-ended essay questions:

  • How do you stand out from other candidates?
  • How can you contribute to diversity?
  • What obstacles or challenges have you faced in your life?

In the past, Witt said, applications were “reviewed,” not “read,” because they primarily contained just data and relatively little information that would help the university admit a more diverse class. “Now we will be reading every single freshman application submitted to UK — no matter what the students’ scores, no matter the background,” he said.

“We think students will feel much more fairly treated,” he said.

Witt said that there was no specific decision on how to weigh the various additional factors in admissions or a specific goal for enrollment levels, although he said there was a wide sense on the campus that the black enrollment figure should rise. He noted that the university is a flagship and needs to play a role in helping all of the state’s citizens.

The black legislators who were angered by the enrollment drop and the university’s explanation for it have generally praised the admissions changes, while saying that they want to see the results.

Other legislators have been pushing the university to show increases in ACT averages as a measure of the institution’s success in becoming a top public university — a goal set by lawmakers. Witt said, however, that he would be very pleased if the new system attracts more black students — even if the ACT average falls.

“I would much rather have a student involved in a community and in the classroom in different ways, even with a lower score,” he said. “Everybody gets caught up in this race of scores, and it will be nice to get away from that.”

Scott Jaschik

Got something to say?


Want it on paper? Print this page.
Know someone who’d be interested? Forward this story.
Want to stay informed? Sign up for free daily news e-mail.

Advertisement

Comments

Good Job, UK

I applaud the University of Kentucky for stepping outside of the norm in its efforts to increase diversity on the campus.

Test scores definitely reflect some level of academic competency among students, so they are still important to applicant evaluation.

However, increasing the criteria used to select students is always welcome. It’s good that the administration decided to go out on a limb in an effort to be more diverse.

The first few years of this program should be used as a period of evaluation. Do these changes significantly increase the enrollment of minority/underrepresented students, resulting in a diverse student population? Does an increase in diversity automatically cause a decrease in the standard of education?

These questions can only be answered over time. Nonetheless, the administration of UK deserves some credit for making an effort to help the community.

Regards, Donnell Duncan, President and Founder, The Cracked Door, “If the Door is Cracked, the Door is Open.”

Donnell, Civil Engineering (Structures) Graduate at Georgia Instititute of Technology, at 7:38 am EDT on October 10, 2005

Poor Donnell, Pathetic U. of Kentucky

Sad and forlorn Donnell!

His entire existence seems predicated on defending racial double standards with all the standard hoopla and hollowness about “diversity” and “obstacles.”

Like the President of U. of Kentucky, he fails to realize that by admitting students under racial double standards, by effectively ignoring test scores and normal measures of academic preparedness, they are setting students up for failure, non-graduation, and premature dropouts.

Worse than that, other students pay close attention to how their own classmates do in class — noting grades on returned exams and papers, or simply observing how students articulate and frame questions in the classroom itself.

It never occurs to defenders of the diversity mantra that their racial double standards are having exactly the opposite effect that they intend.

The new policy of U. of Kentucky perpetuates racist stereotypes, sets up many black students for failure if they are mismatched with academically rigorous institutions, and inflames campus tensions by drawing attention to the lack of preparedness on the part of students obviously admitted because of their skin color.

The racist stereotypes of Donnell and U. of Kentucky could not be more appalling or counter-productive.

Chuck, at 9:05 am EDT on October 10, 2005

academic preparedness

Sorry, Chuck- So far my time in the classroom has led me to identify “lack of academic preparedness” as a characteristic mostly associated with those students whose primary claim to academic prowess was that their parents could afford to pay for SAT/ACT prep classes.

dan, at 12:43 pm EDT on October 10, 2005

Qualifications

It is unfortunate that qualifications no longer count. Because of my mixed racial backround, I can apply as either white or Hispanic — I don’t see how picking one bubble to fill in over the other would have made me a more qualified candidate. Likewise with friends who could put black or white.

The most objective measure we have right now is standardized test scores (ACT,SAT, AP, IB, SAT II). If we move to a subjective “holistic” grading process, we more and more discount consistancy and accuracy.

Having a campus that looks like a rainbow is fine and well, but not at the price of admitting underqualified students or turning away those who filled in the wrong bubble.

As to the “unable to achieve” comments, the best measure we have had so far as to the likelyhood of dropping out and as a predictor of GPA has been standardized test scores (there have been a couple of studies on this). If these “leaders” would like to change the perception, perhaps they could tutor kids instead of demanding lowered expectations.

Kevin, Undergraduate, at 3:46 pm EDT on October 10, 2005

Academic rigor

I’m afraid Dan lives under some illusions about academic preparation.

Having the money to pay for ACT or SAT tutoring should henceforth be made available for everyone.

How many hours is the TV playing in a home at night? How many books do the kids’ parents actually read per year? How many non-required books does the student herself read? How much do they write? Does the student hang with kids who are also thirsty for knowledge or do they think wearing glasses, getting good grades and speaking out in class is geeky?

Until a far greater percentage of black students and their parents insist that getting good grades and doing academic work really “matters” far more than rap music, foul language and struttin’ then our community will continue to suffer.

Bill Cosby was oh so right about that.

Yvonne, at 7:12 pm EDT on October 10, 2005

“We want to look beyond test scores, at all of the things that make up a person,”

Translation: we can’t recruit good students, and we will admit students of rich parents.

It isn’t that hard to do well on standardize tests. You don’t need a prep course. But, unfortunately, a lot of parents hate their kids. Their kids don’t study. Their kids watch TV. Their kids “hang out.” Look, if your kid scored below the top 5% on a test, ask yourself “what did I do wrong?” If there is a TV in the house you know why your kid needs to rely on “diversity” to get into a second-rate school rather than his test scores.

Luckily, in my family, watching TV or getting drunk was considered dishonorable.

Of course, if you have lots of money, you can let the TV play as your kid’s life experience will be looked upon favorably by the school.

Larry, at 11:14 am EDT on October 11, 2005

Chuck, the “fit” hypothesis, or mismatch theory as you state it, was virtually debunked quite some time ago. Please read Bowen and Bok’s work before you make fallacious statements. Furthermore, SAT scores are not the leading predictor of academic achievement; grades & class rank are, as numerous studies have shown.

Frank, assistant director of admissions, at 2:37 pm EDT on October 11, 2005

Frank, I think you should probably give the full cite and maybe a quote so we know what that methodologies and conclusions of studies are. In my experience, since college students have considerable latitude in choosing courses, the ones that take the easiest courses (or courses wioth guaranteed high grades) and know how to manipulate professors do the best. These social skills often are more important than hard work once a student gets in.

There are plenty of kids with high SAT scores that have interesting backgrounds. Now, by “interesting” I don’t mean those jerks that volunteer for a summer. Those people are evil. Real passion takes years to nurture.

Indeed, if we want real diversity, the school could offer full scholarships to any sex offender that scores in the top 2%. After all, sex offenders are often lacking in education and, with a good education might either 1) conform their behavior to the community’s norms; or 2) work in a peaceful way to change our laws. I know it annoys people, but diversity isn’t all drum circles and dances. A school could also recruit muggers, strippers, pimps, and car thieves.

Or, maybe schools could require that all students have at least one novel published by a mainstream publisher. No self-publication or vanity publication allowed.

Want another suggestion? Completely blind admission. Admissions counselors would not know the name, sex, or high school of the applicant. No “personal statements” or letters of recommendation would be permitted. Applicants could select two characteristics from a menu of 100 or more (e.g. poet, hunter, housewife, meglomaniac, dancer, goat herder), and the admissions committee would decide who gets into the class by the way that the person described him or herself. (To prevent cheating, an admitted student would have to prove that they are, in fact, an exotic dancer or goat herder by providing pictures that can be authenticated as being at lest three years old – but only after admission and payment of tuition.)

However, since schools are really just trying to fill their ranks with a mix of paying students and students with high statistics, most schools are resigned to the fact that they will fill their ranks with frat-boys, “spirit girls,” bimbos, date-rapers, and sorostitutes.

Larry, at 4:20 pm EDT on October 11, 2005

Larry, Larry, Larry. Your comment about what parents should do if their child fails to score in the top 5% of testtakers is ridiculous. You seem to misunderstand the concept of percentile rankings. By definition, regardless of actual scores, percentile rankings force students into a rank order (hence the designation ‘rankings’). I’ll make this simple for you. If 100 students take the SAT in a given year, and 95 students score a perfect 2400, and the other 5 score a less than perfect 2350, then those 5 students with near perfect scores will not only fall below the top 5% mark, but will actually constitute the bottom 5%. I’m taking a wild stab in the dark, but I’d venture to that a student who scored a 2350 is probably ready for college, at least in terms of the skills measured by the test.

I know that some of California’s old bilingual ed programs had a similar problem. In my studies, I learned that they required the bottom 40% of its students to remain in bilingual ed , regardless of the actual scores received by students. So, in some schools, students with near native proficiency in English were kept in bilingual ed.

This the problem with relying on percentile rankings to interpret the results of tests designed to measure aptitude. When the SAT and its competing exams were devised, they were intended to measure preparation. Decidedly low scores were believed to indicate a lack of necessary preparation, while scores above a certain benchmark indicated preparation (I believe a common benchmark for the SAT used to be 1000 or 1100 out of 1600, but as a midwesterner, I’m more familiar with the ACT).

These tests were not intended to allow the top x percent of testtakers to go to college; there were created to help colleges identify students who had acheived a base level of competency necessary to execute college level work.

This is all to say that standardized tests were never intended to be the determining factor in college admissions. They were intended simply to ensure that admitted students could manage to complete college level work.

Now I’ll use my college as an example. My alma mater has a minimum ACT score of 21 for incoming students. The average score for my freshman class was 27 (it is now close to 29). The fact that the average score is significantly higher than the minimum has not changed the college’s idea that 21 represents the base level of necessary preparation.

This rather long post is intended to point out the value of looking beyond just grades (which vary a lot due to our odd reliance on local standards) and standardized test scores (because, frankly, most students who try to get into college can demonstrate a base level of preparation). Numerous institutions, mine included, are aware of the importance of myriad other factors, like the ability to work while in school, extracurriculars, ability to cope with difficult and unfamiliar situations, the ability to work cooperatively with people different from oneself, etc., in predicting the future success of students.

Though I began this post as a critique of Larry’s posts, I certainly mean no personal offense. I just wanted to point out the flaws in the pseudmeritocratic argument that looking beyond test scores in college admissions inherently entails a gross denial of the concept of merit. Merit, in terms of education and the associated privileges and responsibilities, is not proven when one simply demonstrates competence. While I hate to sound too flowery, I must say that education bestows endless opportunities onto those who are able to receive it. As a college administrator, I would much rather work with students who possess a questionable mastery of linear algebra and a strong understanding of and commitment to their responsibility as educated people than with a group of students who cannot or will not accept those responsibilities, but can score a perfect 800 on the verbal section of the SAT.

I say all of this as a person who scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT when I was in high school, and who taught GRE courses while I was in grad school. While I don’t discount the importance of my scholastic preparation as measured by those tests, I maintain that my ability to handle the wide range of challenges that confronted me during my education is what allowed me to succeed in school. I applaud institutional efforts to learn more about candidates for admission. Like any other tool, it must be used carefully, but effective implementation can improve our ability to admit students who merit the opportunity.

Moe, at 4:41 pm EDT on October 12, 2005

Moe

While I agree with many of your statements, the important point I think should be made is that the other criteria, besides standardized tests, are subjective (as are the essay portions of the tests). With differences in grade inflation in different parts of the country, and differences in the level of teaching and the material covered it is very difficult to assess these aspects comparitively.

The same concepts aren’t even always covered one year to the next in a high school math class at the same level by the same teacher, so the concept of substitution grades for test scores when comparing students nation- and world-wide is a bit absurd. Harvard, Stanford and the local community college all offer an intro to biology course, but if one assumes that and A in one is equivalent to an A in another the admissions profile will be odd indeed (and there are quality gulfs between high schools about as wide as Harvard and your local community college). Who will rank high schools, on what basis, and with what consistancy?

Likewise with motivation — anyone can write “I am so darn motivated to get out there and help my community” — but there is not a really effective way to measure who is motivated until you’ve had them in the classroom. (Incidentally, recommendation letters don’t work nearly as well in this area as a lot of people think they do.)

Besides, holisitic ends up in the eye of the beholder, and what one admissions officer thinks would be good on campus another may not.

Lastly, one of the reasons we have admissions hurdles is to keep people from coming in a slowing down the class — those who appear most likely to are ussually not admitted without an non-academic purpose. Even if someone is really interesting (either to the admissions staff or fellow classmates) or belongs to a rare ethnic group, or is highly motivated they may still slow down the whole class, or at least interfere with their learning.

Kevin, Undergraduate, at 8:58 pm EDT on October 13, 2005

Advertisement

 Jobs Related to Moving Beyond Test Scores

or search for jobs directly.

Medical Insurance Billing/Coding Instructor
Corinthian Colleges

Everest Institute, a respected member of the Corinthian Colleges’ network of schools, is dedicated to helping students ... see job

Nursing Instructor
Waubonsee Community College

We open doors, spark imaginations, and enlighten lives through learning. see job

Lecturer-Advisor
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Lecturer in Digital Media, to teach introductory courses in Video Production, 2-D Animation, and Interactivity/Web design. ... see job

Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of Art in Sculpture
University of California, Los Angeles

The Department of Art invites applications for one (1) tenure-track (rank open) position in sculpture. see job

Assistant, Associate or Full Professor — Political Economy and International Relations — Middle East
Zayed University

Zayed University is seeking experienced faculty to teach Political Economy and International Relations of the Middle East ... see job

Director of First Year Experience
Western New Mexico University

Western New Mexico University, a public, comprehensive, regional institution serving a diverse multicultural population of ... see job

Licensed Veterinary Technician
Cornell University

Located in Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University is a bold, innovative, and inclusive teaching and research university of ... see job

CLA 2218 Assistant Professor English New Media Specialist
Towson University

Towson University is inviting applications for Tenure-track appointment starting August 2009 in the English Department for a ... see job

Full Time Tenure-Track Faculty Opening — Elementary Education/Childhood Education
California University of Pennsylvania

Located on the Appalachian Plateau, an area of rolling hills, California University of Pennsylvania is a short drive from ... see job

Assistant Professor
Appalachian State University

The Special Education Program in the Reich College of Education at Appalachian State University invites applications for a ... see job