News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Oct. 14, 2005
If the finalists for a faculty job are all white, it’s a sure thing that the new professor will be white.
That obvious statement is behind a directive issued by Madeline Wake, provost at Marquette University, to deans and department heads. No proposed hires for full-time faculty jobs will be approved, she said, unless there is at least one “diverse” candidate in the pool. (Diverse, for the purposes of the directive, is not only non-white Americans, but also people from other parts of the world.)
Currently, just over 10 percent of Marquette faculty members are non-white. The non-white share of the student body is a little higher, hitting 15 percent for this fall’s freshman class.
Wake stressed that pools might be defined in different ways for different disciplines, and that a minority candidate may not always end up in the final two or three. But in a department that receives hundreds of applications and then interviews a dozen to pick a few finalists, she said that she would want to see a minority candidate in the dozen, and that just having had some non-white résumés in the original stack of applicants wouldn’t suffice. In the past, she said, many finalist pools for faculty jobs have been all white.
“I’m not looking for less qualified candidates, but I want a good faith effort to get people in the pool,” she said.
More diversity on the faculty, she said, is essential from an educational standpoint. “The world is diverse,” she said. “And we as a university are not preparing leaders for the world as it is if we remain as white a campus as we are.”
If a department truly is unable to find any non-white candidates, Wake said, the university would consider granting exceptions and approving a hire. But she said that departments can expect scrutiny if they seek an exception. “We’re going to ask, Have you just gone to your same old sources or have you really contacted the networks where you can get African-American or Latino doctoral graduates?”
Asked about reaction to the directive, Wake said, “Some of it has been ‘How are we going to do this?” and some of it has been ‘It’s about time.’ “
James Marten, chair of the history department, said that he backs the idea, but has some concerns about the need for flexibility.
For example, Marten said that his department is currently conducting a search for a historian of Germany. That particularly field, he said, attracts “very, very few” minority scholars. “I’m very supportive of the policy, but we need to be realistic,” he said.
In another search, he said, the department was able to tweak the job description in a way that may attract more minority candidates. The job is for teaching U.S. foreign policy, which is another field in which there are relatively few minority candidates. Marten said that the department added immigration and ethnicity as areas on which the faculty member might teach (and he noted that “doubling up” on areas of teaching expertise is common).
Currently Marten’s department has 21 full-time faculty members and 16 tenure lines. Only one tenure-track faculty member, a professor who teaches African and African-American history, is not white.
Asked how diverse his department should be, Marten said, “It should be as diverse as we can make it.”
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I posted about the Wake initiative at Cliopatria (http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/17029.html).
The discussion of how Wake’s initiative has distorted the History Department’s approach to new lines is particularly disturbing. The irony: an early effect of a policy that Wake described as intended to prepare “leaders for the world” will likely be that her History Department will hire not a professor who can teach these future “leaders for the world” about the interaction between the US and the world, but someone who focuses on cultural studies.
KC Johnson, Professor of History at Brooklyn College, at 9:25 am EDT on October 14, 2005
Why favor minority candidates by giving one a guaranteed spot amongst finalists? If a person is sufficiently unqualified that he or she would not otherwise make it to a final evaluation, why waste time reevaluating an underqualified candidate?
Kevin, Undergraduate, at 12:36 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Thanks very much to Prof. Johnson for identifying the obvious anomaly and hiring distortion that will likely result from Wake’s reactionary double-standards when it comes to treating women or minority (?) candidates differently.
I would advise Donnell to apply his enthusiastic embrace of racial double standards for faculty hires to Marquette’s athletic department recruiters to make certain that the basketball and track teams resemble the skin color and ethnicity of the State of Wisconsin.
Fair is fair.
Chuck, at 12:37 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
This means, essentially that searches are forced to interview candidates they feel would not make the final cut. If I was a minority scholar and I was invited to go to Marquette University for an interview, I would avoid it like a brothel, because I would know that there is a very high chance that the only reason I got the interview was because of this policy, and that my interviewers would know that I was the “affirmative action” candidate and would only take me seriously if they agreed with Wake’s policy (which, my guess is about half of them do).
Don’t get me wrong. I don’t have a strong opinion on admissions affirmative action. Most of the people whining about it are white boys that couldn’t make the cut. But this form of affirmative action will probably end up backfiring.
If schools want to increase the number of minority scholars, they can make the school a more pleasant place for the scholars. They can *gasp* increase salaries. They can provide scholars with resources. Amazingly, when a school develops a reputation for high-quality facilities and adequate paychecks, minority scholars in just about every field come out of the woodwork, and the school doesn’t need to artificially include a minority scholar in every search.
Larry, at 12:37 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
We shall see if the demand that a minority candidate be included in the pool of 12 comes back to haunt Marquette in the courtroom in the coming years. What if, in a search in low-minority fields, no minority candidates can be found. Is the search scrapped for the year? Could be grounds for all the other 12 to file a case.
mark, at 1:07 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Yes there is a huge number of qualified African Americans and minorities candidates for employment in higher education. One is not enough; maybe it is symbolic gesture from Marquette University [there are 16 candidates, 1 is African American and the remaining are Caucasians – what chances does s/he have? Basic algebra] more would be fair.
In real world — the middle tier administrators exclude African Americans and minorities from the announced openings during the screening period [surprise – nepotism] this is not a new phenomenon – but no one hears about the candidates who were denied the opportunity.
The only place where African Americans and minorities advance on merits is in the military and athletic surprise the military is following Colin Powell doctrine – Desert Storm. Presently I jumped on the bandwagon and became a White Sox fan – why, because of the general manager is African American and their field manager is a minority.
It is clear African American and minorities are not given the opportunity especially in the higher education, even though there are numerous laws and affirmative actions that are on the books to address equality however the administrators are used to bend the laws but not to break them. Whether the remaining institutes would follow the lead of Marquette University-time will tell.
David Robertson, Professor at SUNY, at 1:08 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Professor Robertson,
Nepotism, as deplorable as it is, is not racism. It is a bad management practice and, in some (but in not all) cases, it is illegal. Whether there is a “huge” population of qualified African American candidates is a difficult issue. In some subfields there is not a “huge” population of candidates.
In schools that only hire people with the best credentials (and most renown advisors) the population is even smaller. Being an elitist in this regard isn’t racist, but a race-biased result may be the product of systemic biases, which hiring (or even interviewing) a less-qualified candidate won’t solve.
In the “real world” people with stellar credential have jobs and don’t whine about having not gotten a particular job because someone with hiring authority decided to hire someone because he was his cousin or his great-great-great-grandparents were slaves.
While you say that things are “clear” you don’t provide any particular backup for that statement. From my perspective, race-blind admissions are, indeed, race-blind. African-Americans with identical credentials to Caucasian-Americans are not summarily excluded, and if they are it is a serious legal problem.
(Of course, if you watched TV or drank in high school you are not serious about being highly-qualified anyway, and don’t deserve any job, much less one in academe.)
Larry, at 3:21 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
The comments concerning Dr. Wake’s diversity mandate at Marquette reflect the reason that faculties across the country do not reflect the nation’s diversity. Her requirement, which is really a common sense statement (in effect: “In a group of 12 at least ONE of the candidates should be from a diverse group, just by rolling dice,") but we find countless reasons to find flaws in the requirement rather than living up to the spirit of the requirement. To find any list of 12 that is homogenous in our world would itself be a statistical anomaly that stretches credibility. Kudos to Dr. Wake for taking a stand.
Michael Class, at 3:21 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Michael, that just isn’t true. Believe it or not, some cohorts of people do not have proportionately the same characteristics of a larger population.
If people would really engage in completely blind hiring your point could be proven correct. Completely blind hiring would be done entirely on the papers. An outside firm would require that all identifiable characteristics be redacted. Job talks would be given via a chatroom or with the person’s voice modified or obscured. “Congeniality” or “fit” would never be acceptable grounds for hiring or not hiring a candidate.
To enforce this blind policy, a “gender studies program” would disqualify any candidate from ever mentioning their personal experience, but that would be seen as making a plea to be hired based on their sex. Outwardly mentioning one’s own sex would result in a public censure from whatever board certifies you to study woman in a non-medical way. (I know there are strict standards in gender studies, I just forgot the name of their governing body.)
As much as people pay lip service to the ideas of “merit” people want to hire people that look good and will help them with some political goals.
So, let’s be honest. Everyone wants some group to have an unfair advantage. (As a matter of proof, I might concede that if no search in any department at that school ever included minority candidates, there might be something amiss.)
Larry, at 3:50 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
As a Marquette History Department alumnus and a former Marquette employee, I’m very proud and relieved to hear that Dr. Wake has undertaken this policy. It was long overdue.
I would also argue some responders here have missed the point. First, Prof. Johnson writes: “...an early effect of a policy that Wake described as intended to prepare ‘leaders for the world’ will likely be that her History Department will hire not a professor who can teach these future ‘leaders for the world’ about the interaction between the US and the world, but someone who focuses on cultural studies.”
This seems to posit that someone who can teach cultural studies cannot teach about the interaction between the US and the world, which is a false assumption. Immigration and cultural studies are clearly very important vectors in foreign policy to be ignored at our peril, as we have learned all too well recently. Why would someone with expertise in cultural studies and immigration be unable to uphold Marquette’s standards of excellence in teaching in other foreign policy areas? By way of illustration, I had the pleasure and benefit of Dr. Marten’s instruction in two courses, “The US to 1850″ and “US Military History.” Others in the dept. could have taught the early US History course, but military history was considered Dr. Marten’s specialty. I mention this to show the division and sharing of labor — common at every university in the country. The example given — teaching excellence in the interaction between the US and the world — is simply not compromised by this initiative, but likely expands the department’s expertise into an area of academic interest that is currently underserved.
To Kevin, I would ask if he has not misread the intent of the initiative. No one is requiring that a search be opened to candidates who are not qualified; what is being asked is that a search be conducted so that qualified underrepresented candidates be included in the candidate pool. The imperative is to be creative, to expand networks, to improve outreach, to talk to people at other institutions and to actively recruit people who would not have considered MU before. The theoretical “one spot out of 12″ seems like such a small step, but an important step. It defies credulity that this initiative could be perceived as threatening. The candidate must still be hired on his or her merit.
I wish my alma mater all the best in the continuted pursuit of excellence and in this newer, more robust search for diversity. It’s exciting — ring out ahoya!
Steve Brennan, Associate Dean of Admission at Occidental College, at 4:08 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Why is it that so many people react to issues not being addressed? Try reading what Wake is asking hiring committees to do rather than making comments on nearby issues.
Quotas have, I suspect, outlived their usefulness, but this is not about quotas. Furthermore, this is not about including less qualified candidates in the pool. This is about practices.
I am a white male (perhaps the most vilified group these days), and I applaud what Wake has told her people to do, though not for one reason I have seen people give in support. Look at the questions that will be asked before a waiver would be granted. Did the people seeking applicants make an effort to advertise the position to diverse candidates? Wake’s method is the best I have yet seen. By encouraging hiring committees to broaden their announcement methods, she is trying to bring diversity into the process from day one, avoiding the pitfalls of race- or gender-based hiring decisions on the other end of the process.
I have yet to meet anyone who can defend the practice of sacrificing quality for a desire to achieve some form of numerical equity, but if organizations have traditionally hired predominantly one gender or race essentially because they have advertised openings to a community dominated by that gender or race, then practices such as these offer perhaps the best opportunity yet of adding diversity without sacrificing quality.
Andrew Purvis, at 4:34 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
American higher education needs Provost Wake’s type of leadership. Her plan may be small, but it’s a start. Wake is not proposing for minority candidates to be treated differently. . . She is proposing that the hiring agent look at things differently. That is the Challenge!
It’s too bad that she has to deal with a number of proponents whose idea of the future is the past.
S. Rivera, The Challenge Is. . ., at 4:51 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
It is striking how quick many are to assume that candidates of color hired in searches like this must be unqualified. Why is that? Any college that hires anyone they know to be unqualified is doing something very stupid, but in my experience that is not the case. As a white male, I believe programs like this are one of the only ways many schools will ever be diversified given the general tendency of whites, and especially white males, to assume that they are the most qualified
MArc, at 9:50 pm EDT on October 14, 2005
Dr. Brennen, if the candidate was qualified, he or she wouldn’t need to have a quota spot reserved in order to compete with other candidates.
It is unfortunate that a person who otherwise would not be considered is regarded as more qualified because of her or his skin color.
I also wonder where the comment from another poster about minority candidates being screened out is coming from.
Kevin, Undergraduate, at 3:26 pm EDT on October 15, 2005
The strangest thing is that there is no outcry about the obvious underlying assumption. “They” are not like “us". All we need to know is the color of their skin and we will automatically know they are diverse, i.e., different. The concept of race has never served America well. It is not serving America well now. Yet the colleges receive accolades when they tout how they will mandate that some of “those people” will be in the hiring mix. It is a clear indication “they” will never be completely accepted as “us” in the foreseeable future and no one in society is complaining a bit.
Ed, at 7:52 pm EDT on October 15, 2005
Another problem is that all minority Marquette professors are going to have to overcome a presumption that the only reason that they were considered for the position is because of their membership in the minority group. This will Marquette an even less attractive place to work.
Already people are talking about how this has ghettoized Marquette, a school which had a long way to go to get even near the top.
The only thing American education “needs” is to be completely appearance-blind. But, most people want pretty people teaching and people they can get along with in their departments. Therefore, those with social skills will always rise to the top regardless of their actual ability to work.
Larry, at 7:53 pm EDT on October 15, 2005
I see that a lot of people are making the assumption that the “diverse” candidate (I agree that this seems like a poor choice of words) will either be less qualified than the others, or would have made it to the finalist pool without the policy. However, I presume that because of this policy, search committees will actually do some extra work to make sure that a larger number of good (minority) candidates apply that might not have applied otherwise. If the policy really were about a quota, with no change in the supply chain, then it would have the effects Larry and Kevin and others are complaining about here. But presumably, there will be a change in the search dynamics from the start, and no extra work will need to be done to “reserve” a spot for minority applicants. It’s even plausible to me that with this new policy in place, there will often be more than one qualified candidate from minority groups, so the “reserved” place will clearly be irrelevant.
Kenny Easwaran, PhD Student at Berkeley, at 4:38 am EDT on October 17, 2005
It seems that the best solution is to not ask the candidates race and remove the candidates name when forwarding information to the search committee. That would mean the committee would have nothing to consider but the candidates qualification.
James, at 2:22 pm EDT on October 17, 2005
I wonder why more schools don’t go, at least as a pilot program with James’ suggestion. Openings should be advertised widely (but, lets face it, in most fields, everyone knows where the openings are if your school is half-decent). The reason people don’t like James’ suggestion is that making the produces blind (or double-blind) reduces individuals ability to politically shape the department, or recruit from the disciples of certain “stars” and perpetuate an old-boy/girl network that makes the Bush administration look like a civil service exam.
Larry, at 4:02 pm EDT on October 17, 2005
The world may be diverse, but academia is not. If qualified minorities existed, then surely they would apply for the position just as whites have.
It angers me to see this absurd “diversity” ideal taken to such an extreme with such a weak argument behind it.
Tomeka Brownlee, at 7:16 pm EDT on October 17, 2005
Hey, I know a great way to solve this: just advertise the openings at Marquette in major cities in India, China, & Japan. You’ll have a flood of minority applicants! Oh....you mean *those* minorities don’t count? But, but....how “diverse” are American blacks and Latinos? Just about 99% of them are under the liberal/Democratic umbrella (ok, maybe 95% if you discount all the Cuban-Americans). Oh, I get it! Just about 99% of academia (not counting the students) are also under the liberal/Democratic umbrella!
Tonino Collins, Lucasian Chair at Oxon, at 4:24 pm EDT on October 19, 2005
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It’s worth it, Madeline Wake!
It really is worth the try. We can look at all the factors that can dissuade the pursuit of diversity on a university faculty but it’s at least worth it to try.
Thank you, Madeline Wake for at least giving minority candidates a shot. I agree that you shouldn’t higher less qualified individuals but making the effort to find one qualified minority candidate for each opening is welcome.
Few administrators are brave enough to stand up against the ridicule of the established educational authority. That’s why Madeline Wake deserves some credit for trying.
People can argue that it’s not fair but the truth is that if we are each honest about what is really fair we’ll have to start pointing fingers at ourselves.
Marquette University is commended for a valiant effort to give opportunities to qualified individuals who are many times overlooked.
Regards, Donnell Duncan, Founder and President, The Cracked Door, “If the Door is Cracked, the Door is Open!”
Donnell, Civil Engineering (Structures) Graduate at Georgia Instititute of Technology, at 8:30 am EDT on October 14, 2005