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Upturn for Science Doctorates

November 28, 2005

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Amid a sea of statistics and dire warnings suggesting the decline of American science, a new National Science Foundation report offers some hopeful signs. The number of doctorates awarded in scientific and technical fields by universities in the United States rose in 2004, representing the second straight annual increase after several years of decline. And the increases were spread across many different disciplines, with fields such as mathematics, computer sciences and most engineering fields seeing significant growth.

The NSF report is drawn from the forthcoming Survey of Earned Doctorates for the 2004 academic year, an annual review conducted by the foundation's Division of Science Resources Statistics and five other federal agencies. 

Over all, according to the NSF report, the number of doctorates awarded by American universities increased to 42,155 in 2004, up by 3.4 percent from the 40,770 given out in 2003. Of the 2004 doctorates, 26,275 were in science and engineering fields, up 3.9 percent from 2003 and the largest number of science doctorates awarded since 1998. The 15,880 nonscience doctorates awarded in 2004 were the largest number in a decade.

Doctorates Awarded by American Universities, 1995 to 2004

Year Total doctorates awarded Science and engineering doctorates Non-science doctorates
1995 41,750 26,536 15,214
1996 42,439 27,241 15,198
1997 42,541 27,232 15,309
1998 42,647 27,278 15,369
1999 41,092 25,933 15,159
2000 41,365 25,966 15,399
2001 40,824 25,548 15,276
2002 39,989 24,588 15,401
2003 40,770 25,289 15,481
2004 42,155 26,275 15,880

The pool of those receiving doctorates in 2004 differed in some significant ways from those who received doctorates a decade earlier. In 1995, 61 percent of doctoral recipients were men, 32 percent were citizens of countries other than the United States, and 87 percent were white. In 2004, 55 percent were men, 33 percent were non-U.S. citizens, and 80 percent were white. Members of underrepresented minority groups made up 14 percent of the 2004 cohort, compared to 9 percent in 1995.

The NSF report says that it is too early to be certain that the two-year increase in the number of science doctorates awarded represents a new upward trend. But the statistics are likely to hearten science educators, business leaders, politicians and others nonetheless, given the significant concerns they've expressed about the country's ability to keep pace technologically with other countries. 

Doctorates Awarded by American Universities, 2000-4

Field 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
All fields 41,365 40,824 39,989 40,770 42,155
Science and engineering 25,966 25,548 24,588 25,289 26,275
--Science 20,645 20,043 19,512 20,011 20,499
----Agricultural sciences 1,038 975 1,009 1,061 1,046
----Biological sciences 5,854 5,691 5,690 5,697 5,937
----Computer sciences 859 826 807 865 949
----Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 663 630 673 646 672
----Mathematics 1,050 1,007 918 994 1,075
----Physical sciences 3,407 3,394 3,212 3,325 3,353
-------Astronomy 185 186 144 168 165
-------Chemistry 1,989 1,981 1,923 2,041 1,987
-------Physics 1,204 1,197 1,127 1,080 1,186
-------Other physical sciences 29 30 18 36 15
----Psychology 3,618 3,442 3,199 3,281 3,336
----Social sciences 4,156 4,078 4,004 4,142 4,131
--Engineering 5,321 5,505 5,076 5,278 5,776
     ---Aeronautical/astronautical engineering 214 203 209 200 201
---Chemical engineering 725 729 705 648 723
---Civil engineering 556 594 626 674 675
---Electrical engineering 1,544 1,576 1,395 1,466 1,649
---Industrial engineering 176 206 230 213 217
---Materials/metallurgical engineering 451 497 396 474 509
---Mechanical engineering 864 953 827 814 853
---Other engineering 791 747 688 789 949
Non-science and engineering 15,399 15,276 15,401 15,481 15,880
--Education 6,430 6,337 6,487 6,632 6,635
--Health 1,592 1,622 1,653 1,636 1,730
--Humanities 5,213 5,161 5,010 5,015 5,017
--Professional/other 2,164 2,156 2,251 2,198 2,498

Source: National Science Foundation

If the NSF report hints at some positive developments for American science, it also contains some data certain to trouble those concerned about the country's standing vis a vis other countries. It shows that in several key fields -- computer sciences, mathematics, physics and engineering -- more than half of the doctorates awarded in 2004 were given to non-U.S. citizens. The proportion was above 40 percent in agricultural sciences, chemistry, the physical sciences as a whole, and total science and engineering doctorates.

Doctorates Awarded to non-U.S. Citizens by Field of Study, 2004

Field Percent
All fields 33.2%
Science and engineering 40.7%
Science 34.0%
Agricultural sciences 46.0%
Biological sciences 30.0%
Computer sciences 56.1%
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 37.4%
Mathematics 56.1%
Physical sciences 45.6%
Astronomy 30.2%
Chemistry 41.6%
Physics 54.7%
Other physical sciences 33.3%
Psychology 8.5%
Social sciences 35.1%
Engineering 64.6%
Non-science and engineering 20.4%
Professional/other/unknown 38.0%
Humanities 20.1%
Health 26.8%
Education 12.2%
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Comments on Upturn for Science Doctorates

  • Foreign students what is really going on
  • Posted by Gordon Smith on December 5, 2005 at 9:38pm EST
  • Professionally educated people in an international labor market are fungible quantities since whom they choose to work for is a matter of personal choice. It is a mystery to me why we bring foreign students here, finance their education at taxpayer subsidized expense, accomodate their politics and cultural idiosyncrasies, and subject ourselves to possible physical attack and intimidation. Sure the top cohort of foreign students maybe the best in the world, but who are they going to work for when they graduate? Al Queda and Usama bin Laden or Uncle Sam? Can we take the chance?
    Domestic students know the tuition bill is rising and in the 80's it was financed by the middle class to help train these foreign students and we sacrificed a generation of our own domestic students in the process because we all know undergraduate studies is poor in the united states. We hate American academic administraters for their incompetence and vanity.
    The British provide a better example. They starve (the politicians) their academics and actually got more out of them. Look at British, Canadian, and Australian education websites today in higher education and they talk about improving quality and competing in international markets. American colleges and universities moan about the lack of funding.
    Now what? Well you might improve undergraduate education and offer scholarships to native born american students since you have spent the last thirty years screwing them. Remember that they are going to be financing the nursing home where you are ultimately going to end up.

  • Gordon Smith
  • Posted by Alex on December 13, 2005 at 10:43am EST
  • I like to think Mr. Smith is just trying to be devil rouser to start a long debate about "native-born" versus foreign students. This is a dangerous protectionist path which benefits no one. I am appalled by his characterization of foreign students working for Bin Laden. Mr. Smith will do himself and the country a lot of good by realizing that the reason this wonderful country is great is its welcoming attitudes toward outsiders who have unlimited energy to contribute. He is well advised to remember when there was a drop in foreign students application post 9/11 many science and engineering programs had ringed alarm bells for a very good reason. Mr. Smith should also remember that not too long ago his ancestors were also "foreigners" and were probably shunned by the likes of Mr. Smith. Also, remember the cliché: he is an American by luck and immigrants that he is picking on are here by choice and will contribute (they already are) to his grandparents’ welfare.
    Peace on earth ..