News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Dec. 28, 2005
Professors who specialize in language can probably draw from a vast reservoir of choice words to describe the current fiscal climate of academe. And based on one small sample, few of those words are good.
For Jeffrey J. Williams, an English professor at Carnegie Mellon University, the word is “debt.” Williams was one of the professors who shared his choice at a session called “Academic Labor: Keywords for Current Conditions” at the Modern Language Association’s annual convention in Washington Tuesday.
Professors who went through college in the 1970s and 1980s may not have dealt with student debt, Williams said, but they’d better start talking about it now. “Sex is not the great forbidden,” he said. “People talk about it all the time. Money is the great forbidden.”
Williams noted that, as fear of debt nudges students toward more work-oriented colleges and programs of study, the humanities will be the first to suffer. “A public [university] used to cost less than a laptop,” Williams said. “With less state aid, the universities have gone corporate, and so are the students” as they increasingly must manage private loans from banks.
Like several other speakers, Williams pointed out that states contributed about 80 percent of funding for public higher education after World War II, a number that he put at closer to 30 percent now. He and others argued that the broad access to higher education spawned by the G.I. Bill is becoming a historical exception.
“[College] is no longer a public entitlement,” Williams said, “but a private service … that is paid for more directly by consumers. Debt puts a sizable tariff on social hope.” He added that, as college has become more of a typical market commodity, students and institutions, in their cost-benefit analyses, have become oriented toward programs that lead directly to higher earning potential, increasingly pushing students away from conventional institutions toward the burgeoning for-profit institutions.
For Francis J. Donoghue, an associate English professor at Ohio State University, “prestige” is the word of the moment. Donoghue said that strong liberal arts programs have become a sign of prestige, reserved for top tier institutions, and that institutions left out of the top tier, and desperate for money, are turning away from liberal arts, and often from the idea of intellectual prestige altogether.
Donoghue added that, as colleges have become more corporate and job oriented, many people “no longer trust college as a place for intellectual broadening.” That distrust, combined with soaring costs, Donoghue said, is pushing students to the University of Phoenixes of the world, the “anti-intellectual, anti-prestige universities,” as he put it. He cited Phoenix’s founder, John Sperling (who has a Ph.D. in economic history from the University of Cambridge), as having once said: “We’re not going for that ‘expand their minds’ bullshit.”
Liberal arts, Donoghue said, have ceased to be a societal ideal and are now relegated to the realm of the elite, where they become part of the air of exclusivity that colleges seek for branding purposes. Apparently, Donoghue said, the branding is working. He noted a survey documented in the book The Winner-Take-All Society. In it, respondents picked the Princeton University law school as one of the top 10 in the nation. Princeton, though it has a mighty name, has no law school.
What it all adds up to, in the word chosen by Paul Lauter, an English professor at Trinity College, in Connecticut, is “rage.” Lauter said that, in business, “people will do what they can get away with,” and that as colleges have become more businesslike, the same is true in the academy. Lauter railed against the labor practices of private institutions that deny graduate student unions, and against the once rare but now ubiquitous practice of employing non-tenure track faculty members. “We have to think of ways we can intervene,” he said, “to make governing or living untenable for” administrators who act like corporate managers.
Most of the audience members felt that academe has little hope of turning out of its downward spiral — funding cuts, program cuts, more funding cuts — without a substantial increase in federal funding for students and institutions.
Michael Hale, an English teacher at Ventura County Community College, in California, thought that removing some conflicts of interest might help students foot the college bill. Hale recently graduated from California State University at Northridge, part of the largest public system in the country. During his four years there, the Board of Trustees approved fee raises of around 70 percent, he said, adding that “most of the trustees own banks.”
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Santana’s, Springsteen’s, and Vonnegut’s work ought not to be valued because people purchased the art and therefore freed the artists from mundane jobs. Economic utility and efficiency must not be the measure of art’s value, and nor should they be the measure of the value of a liberal arts education. The point of the article is that the hegemonic, corporatist model that is increasingly used to value the liberal arts is not appropriate. Literature, for example, is about what it means to be human. That meaning includes economics, but I would hate to think that anyone believes that one should limit human experience to the economic sphere and make decisions based solely on financial benefit. Even the previous respondent, for example, appears to have dreams.
Keep in mind, however, that economic models merely describe human behavior. Funding cuts to the liberal arts because of a direct utilitarian expectation reflect a larger attitude in the populace and carried out by the state.
Perhaps we liberal arts practioners and teachers should hire a public relations firm. Or perhaps I should capitalize on the trend by creating a vast, off-shore paper-grading facility to help my peers become more “efficient.”
Steve, Professor at Gordon College, at 7:10 am EST on December 28, 2005
“Donoghue added that, as colleges have become more corporate and job oriented, many people “no longer trust college as a place for intellectual broadening.””
This is just plain silly, and a smug self-indulgent delusion. The fact that people no longer trust or respect colleges as places for intellectual broadening has precisely nothing to do with becoming “more corporate and job oriented.” People no longer trust colleges, especially humanities departments, because they have more or less wholly replaced the study of the humanities with political indoctrination that pointedly omits the great works and the education they have offered society for millennia. I have to wonder at people who actually indulge themselves in the weird fantasy that the destruction they have caused in the universities is due to financial aid (?!). I worry about the lack of analytical skills that such self-indulgence makes apparent: It takes a serious lack of understanding to blind oneself to what the schools have become over the last couple of decades.
Seen It, at 8:15 am EST on December 28, 2005
As someone who graduated with an English degree and a Psychology minor after four years of classic Jesuit prep school and five years at a Jesuit 4-year college, I consider myself lucky to have received a traditional liberal arts education. At the same time, even as I graduated many years ago, I went on to to find that while my “core” curriculum required philosophy, religion, ethics, romantic languages, and a host of other traditional liberal arts subjects (as well as ROTC), it did not require even a casual introduction to business, accounting, etc. Business majors were required to take English, but taking a business course was never even suggested to English majors.
As I proceeded in my career, which has largely been in publishing as an editor in chief, I can only say that I came to view this as a handicap. While I would never in retrospect give up the liberal arts side of my formal education, I had to learn many essentials to survive in a business world on my own, and often found myself at a disadvantage that was difficult to make up.
Yes, I went back to school to take some marketing classes. Yes, I went back to learn about the principles of PR and Communications and Advertising. Yes, I learned to read a balance sheet and cope with budgets. Yes, I had the good fortune to land an early job as a communications arm to a major corporate data center, and learned quite a bit about computer theory in time to rely on that knowledge in my publishing career. And yes, I had learned to “teach myself” (one of the great legacies of the Jesuit tradition)...BUT my career would have been much facilitated had I been required to take 2-3 undergraduate business courses as PART of a modern day liberal education.
I also consider myself lucky that I began my undergraduate studies in the physical sciences, intending to become a chemist, and thus had a good founding in these areas. If I had not, I would have been sadly unprepared to fully appreciate many issues that comprise modern intellectual life.
I know that Latin is no longer required at my old high school and that many other educational traditions in secondary and higher education have been “liberalized” in ways that underscore a trend toward less academic discipline. I agree that some things are being lost that would be better retained.
BUT ... my observation is that instead of bemoaning the loss of respect and funding for traditional liberal arts majors, curricula and departments...the academic community represented in those departments should consider updating its world and cultural view to acknowledge that the classics alone are not enough to prepare a student today for the more intellectually complex lives and vocationally-demanding careers that they need to lead. A contemporary liberal arts curriculum need not be vocational in its primary emphasis, but it could certainly stand a broader view that would better prepare graduates for a demanding future life of work, thought and judgment, given the breadth of issues he or she will certainly face and the job opportunities he or she will have to pursue.
John Lawn, at 10:03 am EST on December 28, 2005
The issue is that, in the post-war and baby boom era, the humanities bought into the same myth that Madison Avenue sold to the general public: that it was possible to have infinite growth on a finite planet.
That is, every humanities professor taught well more than one student, while simultaneously continuing to work into the later years. Moreover, universities found that tuition increases, rather than diminishing the number of students applying for admission, tended to increase it. Thus, the dangerous cycle began, where unsustainable behavior was rewarded for a time.
However, the unparalleled period of affluence is over. Students in debt up to their eyeballs — faced with a lender (the federal government) that insists on the right to garnish even social security income to repay student loans — graduate into a world where the post-war overhang of US dominance has been squandered by an elite who believed that it was ok to stop making things and to become a non-productive service economy, so long as your 401(k) went up.
Colleges graduate countless thousands of students who have no distinctive skills or abilities that are in demand in their society. The graduates thus face the overwhelming cognitive dissonance of being simultaneously loaded down with levels of debt once characteristic of medical students and being unemployed or greatly underemployed.
Dog pounds take responsibility for their charges by refusing to release an animal unless it has been neutered. Casinos maintain lists of problem gamblers who are not to be admitted. Colleges and universities, on the other hand, refuse to accept any responsibility whatsoever for saddling students with crushing debt while failing to provide them with more than the skills necessary to work in a bookstore or coffee shop. Instead, the elite attend meetings where they tut-tut about the loss of humane values and the dimishing appeal of a liberal education.
JMG, Infinite Growth in Finite World, at 10:08 am EST on December 28, 2005
When I want to learn something, I stay away from higher education except for their libraries. It is astonishing how affordable learning is when done on one’s own and how costly, bureaucratic, slow, and fragmented it becomes when pursued via an institution of higher education.
As for the humanities they have their place. A much smaller place than they now seek to occupy.
Marvin McConoughey, at 12:46 pm EST on December 28, 2005
“He [Williams] and others argued that the broad access to higher education spawned by the G.I. Bill is becoming a historical exception.”
Exactly! The university as we have experienced over the last 50 years is a historical exception.
Prof Williams, along with the vast, vast majority of academia, have mistaken their experiences as constituting the norm.
Not so; reality does, and is, biting.
I suspect we will see a hgher ed something like the late-19th or early-20th century: a few elite schools will select their graduates baed on race (preferrably not-white), ideology (generally paranoid Marxian, and religion (none, whatsoever)to become members of a professoriate caste, while most of the work in the liberal arts will be done outside of the universities.
kjm, at 3:31 pm EST on December 28, 2005
Is it just me, or is there something extremely tasteless about people who work in higher-education establishments insisting that education as we know it will cease to exist unless they get more tax dollars?
The folks at the U. of Phoenix, etc., understand the essential truth that if they offer something their customers are willing to pay for, they’ll succeed. If they don’t, they won’t.
With full appreciation for the many teachers who made my college days memorable back in the ’60s and ’70s, most of my education happened outside the classroom ... and even more of it happened during the army service that, thanks to the GI Bill, largely funded my tuition.
Twas ever thus, and as a previous commenter noted, it was the college boom of the late 20th century that was the anomaly, not today’s market in education.
Education is a process, not an institution, and those who bemoan the sad condition of liberal education fail to see how irrelevant they are to the real thing.
D.P. Breckenridge, at 4:27 am EST on December 29, 2005
“A public [university] used to cost less than a laptop,” Williams said. “With less state aid, the universities have gone corporate, and so are the students” as they increasingly must manage private loans from banks.
The public university I attended was home to several huge sports facilities, multiple gyms, an ice arena, tennis courts, basketball courts—you name it. (It probably now has a rock-climbing wall.) We enjoyed the antics of hundreds of university-recognized and university-funded student organizations, which provided subsidized rock concerts, wilderness outings, and first-run movies and often built their papier-mache protest effigies on the university’s dime. Meanwhile, the school offered late-night weekend bus service to help get drunk kids back to their dorms, where they now enjoy the university’s licensing relationship with music providers to download mp3s on a high-speed Internet connection.
I won’t claim to know how a given university apportions funds in its budget. I do know that what I’ve descibed above is what students and an increasing number of parents see when they spend a little time on many public campuses. Given this emphasis on lifestyle and entertainment and the growing number of debt-laden university grads whose degrees qualify them to do exactly nothing, is it any wonder that the public isn’t up in arms about decreased state spending on college-level education when the typical university appears to spend a ton of money on so many things that have nothing to do with education?
Jeff, at 3:27 pm EST on December 29, 2005
Earth to the Ivory Tower tenured: student loans are like a jail sentence that many students wonder what they have gotten themselves into.
Like the Harvard worker’s family who had to send their kid to Harvard — who now owes $100,000. Ditto for the working-class Duke grad who owes $70,000. Perhaps, in the future, those debts will be forgiven (I hope) — but for now, they are real.
Meanwhile, you get the tenured radical buffoon crowd (Ward) weeping about “the good old days” and hectoring debt-laden students to “think critically” (against Bush, not them).
Hey — isn’t that what post-modernism was about? USSR’s been gone for 15 years — so are the good old high-profit days that helped make Noam Chomsky a multi-millionaire. We have to go to work — like now.
As to “A public [university] used to cost less than a laptop” — those are in 1980 dollars. Adjust at the higher-than-average inflation rate that academics cause, and you have today’s college costs. (And, BTW, laptop costs keep dropping, while academic costs have risen faster than the overall rate of inflation — not a happy comparison, IMHO.)
As for “public entitlements” — who said it was fair to tax non-college graduates, so English majors could indulge their interests? I’d like to see the MLA tell that to the NRA and NASCAR crowds, face-to-face — I bet the reaction would be spectacular.
Finally — where did the attendees get their growth citations on for-profit colleges? Just for the record — University of Phoenix’s growth is in the 22+ age group — working adults. Only recently, have they gone after the >22 age group.
B.J., Professional writer at College of Hard Knocks, at 10:01 pm EST on December 29, 2005
There is a lot of blaming going on. When do we take responsibility for out own choices instead of blaming, in this case liberal arts oriented programs, for debt accrued for education? Lets get real here for a moment. Up until this point (where we face a congress who seeks to change the loan structure for higher ed) people who consolidated their loans either publicly or privately have gotten an amazing interest rate – mine being 2.8. Paying my $70,000 loan every month means 200.00 dollars of my pay check. I could put another $200.00 into savings at around one percentage point higher than this loan. Not bad.I would say my education loan is the smartest loan I have ever taken. By investing in my education, and making the choice to go back to grad school, I now, finally, do what I love. That $200.00 is easy to pay when I come home from work with a smile on my face feeling that I have made a difference for others. It took me 8 years, after finishing my undergraduate degree, to get this point. And I don’t regret any of the steps I took to get here, though sometime the road was very rough. It does mean that I have some of the worst debt, credit card debt, also hanging over my head. But these are all choices that I made. And I made them well and mindfully mainly because of my liberal arts undergraduate education. I went to a school that taught me how to think critically and assess the world around me. I am armed with an understanding of politics, literature, history and art. I saw, as I ended my undergrad education that I did not want to be part of this consumptive system because I saw how it continued to make people unhappy instead of happy. How it chose to harm for gain instead of help for smaller gain. I chose to not take the $60,000 jobs available to my peers after graduation. I chose not to go to law school and potentially make six figures my first year out. These are my choices, and I can blame no one but myself for any debt accrued because of these choices. I know and accept these choices. I don’t live my life based on the bottom line. To do so is a huge mistake that in the end does more harm than good for everyone. Unfortunately, because more professional programs are teaching people how to be cogs in a system for short term gain, instead of learning how to think broadly, expansively and critically (not bull shit), we are faced with less people understanding what their short term choices mean for the long run, mean for everyone. That is where the real problem lies. And it is a problem that is staring our nation squarely in the face.
Anne, at 11:45 am EST on December 31, 2005
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inexorable trend
There will be a lot of lamentation and hand-wringing on this, just as there was when agricultural jobs started to dry up, the Rust Belt began its decline, and knowledge work began migrating to Asia.
Like it or not, Peter Drucker predicted this years ago.
Today’s universities are modeled on their medieval ancestors, and Appeals to Tradition will not save them. The future of education is practical and career-oriented.
While enrollment in Humanities and Liberal Arts programs decline, non-accredited programs like http://www.AnimationMentor.com are enjoying explosive growth.
DeVry, U. of Phoenix, Kaplan, et. al. — and the traditional schools, e.g. Northcentral, Nova Southeastern, etc., that behave like them — are the shape of things to come.
Is this terrible? From several standpoints, yes. Can you stop it? No.
Liberal education will not disappear completely. There always will be a niche.
One of the chief complaints that I hear from students is that they do not see the point in general education requirements. In my day, taking Creative Writing, 18th Century Satire, Abnormal Psychology, or any other non-technical course was an opportunity to earn a cheap and easy A. Today, my students complain that Literature, Psychology, and Speech are a big waste of tuition and time. If they could earn their degrees by taking only core classes, they would.
Complaining about this is about as useful as complaining about that noise that they call music nowadays.
Name Withheld, Dean at Wysocki College, at 6:34 am EST on December 28, 2005