News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
May 12, 2006
If departments want black science, math and engineering students to become faculty members, they should have mentors who want close relationships with them, according to a recent study from the University of California at Berkeley.
Anne J. MacLachlan, a researcher at Berkeley’s Center for Studies in Higher Education who conducted the study, said that, in many cases, the first steps would be to hire even a single black faculty member, and to simply make an effort to mentor black graduate students.
MacLachlan interviewed 33 black men and women who had received doctorates in science, mathematics and technology fields from Berkeley between 1980 and 1990. Ten of the interviewees had come from historically black colleges and universities, and six others came from liberal arts institutions. MacLachlan found that it was very easy for those students to feel alienated from any sort of community upon landing at Berkeley. “The size is daunting,” MacLachlan said. “Lots of people are white or Asian. [Black students] have to learn how things are done in such a place. It’s less an issue of race, and more an issue learning an entirely different culture.”
Given that doctoral students of all backgrounds regularly leave before completing their degrees, any added impediment can be devastating.
Even when black graduate students advance to become faculty members, feelings of isolation can persist, MacLachlan wrote in her report. Such sentiment may prompt the faculty members to “vote with their feet,” as MacLachlan put it. In her report she referenced a 2001 paper that noted that, of about 150 black physicists documented by the American Institute of Physics, two-thirds teach at a historically black college or university.
Some institutions, including Berkeley, have hired diversity recruiters to seek out minority candidates for faculty positions. MacLachlan cautioned, though, that diversity recruiters can make faculty members feel like they shouldn’t be pro-active, and the faculty, she said, is the key to recruiting success.
MacLachlan added that, for all underrepresented minority students, faculty members should go to institutions that have a lot of those students and “give a seminar, meet with students, suggest other faculty with who they can work … just show that the department is very willing to entertain an application from them.”
Some of the people MacLachlan interviewed were personally recruited to their department by faculty members, some of whom brought a minority graduate student along with them.
MacLachlan said she’d like to see mandatory diversity training for faculty members. She helped get a National Science Foundation summer grant for a minority undergraduate researcher to work with a professor, and any Berkeley faculty member who wants to be eligible has to do training in mentoring minority students.
Sweeping diversity training, however, is not an easy sell. Last summer, a committee at the University of Oregon proposed introducing “cultural competency” into decisions on hiring and tenure. The idea met was met with vociferous opposition.
One math professor, and a first generation immigrant, noted that the Oregon math department is extremely diverse in terms of having people who were born in many different countries.
MacLachlan said that math departments have been diverse from a nationality standpoint for decades, but that that doesn’t reflect the experience of American minority groups.
The bottom line, MacLachlan noted in her report, is that “if there is an interest, there are many things a department could do.”
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For people who are seriously interested in this issue, I would like share an alternative view point due to Bill Harbaugh, University of Oregon, Economics Department.
I strongly support these ideas, and invite everybody to read the wholestory at
http://nanonomics.typepad.com/
To start, please read these exceptionfrom http://nanonomics.typepad.com/
“The biggest problem with the university’s current diversity efforts, which is aggravated in the new diversity plan, is that the majority of the available resources are devoted to supporting people who already have PhD’s. Virtually every person with a PhD has an income substantially above the state average. Most Oregonians have a hard time viewing people in this situation as disadvantaged, and rightly so.
Subsidies to attract more minority Professors to UO do not do much to create new minority PhDs — they just move people who already have a PhD from one university to another. Students who have not begun preparing f or college by 9th grade are very unlikely to attend college and succeed in it. They just won’t have done the preparatory course work. Obviously, graduating college is a necessary condition for becoming a professor.
It takes a torturous chain of reasoning to argue that the current strategy of $90,000+ grants for minority job hires, or the new plan of cluster hires and critical mass, is going to convince minority 8th graders to start studying hard preparing themselves for getting into college and then pursuing a rigorous 10 years of academic training. But this is what would have to happen, for this strategy to increase the country’s aggregate supply of minority professors.
In fact, there seems to be little evidence that the current program of bonuses based on race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation even does much to increase the diversity of faculty at UO. Regardless, to the extent current efforts have an effect at UO, they do so by luring minorities from another university, or by convincing a successful minority student to try academic life rather than, say, practicing law or medicine. The gain to the country, in terms of a more diverse professional and academic class, is zero.”
See http://nanonomics.typepad.com/for more.
We are welcome serious discussion.
Boris Botvinnik
Boris Botvinnik, Professor of mathematics at University of Oregon, at 5:40 am EDT on May 13, 2006
Maybe the aforementioned comment is over my head, but it seems what the folks at UO have neglected to address is the issue of mentoring. The very first paragraph indicates that mentoring is significant for recruiting potential minority candidates, yes? I would think that finding is standard, especially at the graduate level. According to this article, not only are minority faculty enticed to work elsewhere, but those graduate students are enticed to follow these people to their specific institutions.
The underlying theme here is, I surmise, the level of discomfort some faculty have with mentoring “other” students. Similarly, if there were a disparaging gender gap in a department, women faculty would be encouraged to mentor female graduate students. I believe the same logic applies to religion & sexuality as well, so why is race/ethnicity considered a non-factor?
It’s simply a matter of people wanting to remain within their comfort-zones and to not shift the paradigm. But isn’t that usually the case in matters such as these?
Grad student..., at 2:45 pm EDT on May 15, 2006
Having “one ” or"two” minotity faculty members in these departments or schools do not have any impact on the teaching or the retaining of minority students. It has been my experience that these “selected minority” professors DO NOT like to mentor minority students. They prefer to mentor caucasian students. I suppose that they want to be regarded as being there for every student. They are seldom ever helpful to students of color. Some of these individuals are sometimes quite hostile to these minoruty students, and will seldom go out of their way to assist them with anything. This happens at the predominantly caucasian high schools, and in the undrgraduate and graduate departments of major colleges/ universities. The few minority students at these instiutions shy away from these individuals because they know that these minority teachers or professors will be even more unkind and or unhelpful to them. Although they are bright, there is a tendency for them to perform comparatively poorly. There are exceptions, of course.
I applaud the idea od “critical mass” mentoring for minority students at these large white institutions. This “critical mass” approach with highly successful performance outcomes at the high school level can been seen in high school magnet programs. Very bright Black students in predominantly white high schools left without mentoring and support perform poorly when compared with their counterparts and experience the feeling of isolation. Again, there are exceptions, but this has been my clinical observations. These observations do require research, of course, but I do think that we are on to something here with respect to the concept of “the importance of critical mass” in the education of bright, Black students.
Cynthia, at 1:45 pm EDT on June 9, 2006
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If There’s a Will
Is there truly a will to get more African-American students into math, science and technology? Probably not.
In the “world of sports” there is a phenomena called “home field advantage”.
Home field advantage is the psychological/physiological edge that sports teams seem to have when playing in their own arenas/stadiums, rather than at their opponent’s home arena/stadium.
In academia, as in sports, students perform best in environments that they are familiar with and are comfortable in.
If higher education official’s are truly interested in getting more African-American students into masters and doctoral programs in the fields of mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences, they should be pushing for the establishment of those programs at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU’s).
As a graduate of the historically black, Prairie View A&M University, I have seen first-hand how the higher education hierarchy of Texas has fought against the establishment of post-graduate and professional degree programs at Prairie View A&M. As a student of Texas history, I am well aware that the on-going attempt to minimize the efforts, accomplishments and degree offerings of Prairie View A&M has been unrelenting, for 130 years now.
This obstructionism that continues in Texas can be illustrated best by the appointment, in May 2005, of Gene Stallings as a member of the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System.
In the 1960s, Stallings, then the head coach of the Texas A&M Aggies, registered his unwillingness to have a “Negro” on his football team. Prairie View A&M now, as then, is the only HBCU governed by the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System. Are Texans of African descent now to believe that Gene Stallings has miraculously been transformed into a proponent of having “Negroes” on his team? It’s Nonsense!
When HBCUs , including Prairie View A&M University, are allowed to educate their students to the highest levels, then and only then will the shortage of African-Americans, at the masters and doctoral levels, in fields like mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences be overcome.
Glenn Johnson, at 3:20 pm EDT on May 12, 2006