News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
July 25, 2006
Sociologists are turning their scholarly gaze inward by examining how their own discipline fits into general education.
The conclusion of a special panel appointed by the American Sociological Association is that the discipline has much to offer general education, particularly as defined by recent efforts to promote improvements in the curriculum. At the same time, the panel found that the discipline hasn’t done much at all to measure the classroom impact it has.
The report issued by the panel attempts to focus the discipline on its role and also to get more attention for sociology in broader debates about general education.
Bruce Keith, chair of the panel, said that the association would like to change the way people think about sociology. “It’s not just a matter of saying ‘we have two or three sociology courses as electives in cluster B of a general education program,’ but to begin to look at general education as a set of capacities and skills, and we need to think about the ways that those courses contribute to those areas.”
Keith is a professor of sociology and associate dean for academic affairs at the United States Military Academy. While West Point may not be a typical college, its students’ experiences with sociology are quite typical in that many are exposed to it, but relatively few are majors. Nationally, most students who take sociology take a single course and at West Point, a required course in military leadership has a significant sociology component. But sociology tends to have 15-20 majors in a class of 1,000.
These sorts of figures — even if there may be more majors elsewhere — suggest the challenge for introductory sociology courses, Keith said. “It’s much less important to teach students a bunch of concepts about sociology, but rather to provide students with learning capacity, such as critical thinking, problem solving, and quantitative reasoning,” he said.
The report compared sociology skills to those stressed by the Association of American Colleges and Universities, which is seeking to promote a renewal of general education. Sociology courses can contribute to many of the goals AACU has set out for students to achieve through general education: communication, critical thinking, understanding of diversity, moral reasoning, quantitative literacy and social and cultural awareness, among others.
The problem, the panel found, was that at a time that colleges are placing increasing emphasis on assessing what students learn, sociologists have focused primarily on assessing what their majors learn. Because the discipline’s role in general education is primarily educating non-majors, professors and departments need to find ways to measure learning in areas like critical thinking, not just assume that the learning takes place, the report said.
Keith said that his West Point perspective gave him a sense of why it truly matters to know whether you are teaching effectively. His students, he said, “will soon be in a global environment and they need to know how to deal with a challenge fairly quickly.”
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As a person who has taken several graduate classes in sociology (major was human development & family science), I feel that one of the biggest problems with upper-level sociology is the over-the-top abstract terminology. Introductory students are overwelmed by concepts such as Ms Morris has used and for many, they instantly shut off. Introduction to Sociology is a national requirement for nursing students...why? because it opens the door to critical thinking and the impact culture has on every facet of our lives and careers. The primary course I teach is life span human development and the textbook we use has broaden its use of sociological concepts throughout its development to the 4th edition. It is a requirement for our agri-business program students...again, why? Diversity and global economics in the work place and agricultural market. Sociology definitely is a need for basic thinking skills, but must beware of overwelming introductory students.
Jody, Adjunct Instructor at community college, at 10:05 am EDT on July 25, 2006
One problem I’ve seen is the use of sociology to transmit the received radicalism current instructors have gotten in their own training. I think that exposure to feminism, Marx, and critical points of view on race are great, mind you. But I’d like to see more of a balanced approach in sociology classes. Too much these days, sociology is a “church of sociology,” where you really can get into trouble with the earnest young instructor for not taking a politically correct approach to social issues. Young colleagues often get angry when the students resist PC approaches— but they shouldn’t— much PC is nothing more than clunky indoctrination. And the resistant students are frequently the ones with the most potential. Sociology is actually much more deeply radical than PC anyway, but not always in ways we expect.
TBD, at 2:15 pm EDT on July 25, 2006
(Let me preface by declaring my street cred: I was a four-year undergrad at a large state U in sociology and have been in two grad programs in sociology. I now have taught undergrad sociology in two universities.)
Sociology has a broad contribution to make to general higher education, but as the above comments note, it is often poorly articlated. One reason for this is, I would suggest, is sociology’s reliance on its canon—Marx, Weber, and Durkheim—in its undergraduate courses. Kuhn suggests that this often happens when the paradigm for a particular field isn’t settled, which is definitely true of sociology.
This is a problem for undergraduates, simply, because they don’t care to weed through the abstract, esoteric language each author uses and interpret it through a handful of differnet lenses to massage it into something relevant for contemporary society. The other option—teaching from a secondary text—is even less palatable, because they generally smack of your 7th grade “social studies” text (with apologies to Harvard.)
That it is this way is ridiculous, because sociology is one of the most mind-exercising perspecives available. It’s perhaps the sole discipline within the social sciences that really requires you to step out of conventional economic, psychological, political-scientific, and anthropological wisdom. As such, it ought to be an indispensable tool for teaching kids real reflexivity and critical thinking.
A quick response to the author of the last comment: as a teacher/student at a large, prestigious sociology institution, I agree. (Funny, though, I rarely hear this about economics instructors. Funny...) But I disagree with the conclusion drawn from the over-PC-ness of many intro sociology courses. It’s not that instructors are card-carrying ideologues. It’s that they (we) are usually very poorly trained, underpaid and overworked. Under such conditions, too often one relies on easy, PC answers. It’s hard to work to critically interrogate all of your intellectual categories!
A Sociologist, at 4:25 pm EDT on July 25, 2006
I was enthusiastically attracted to sociology in 1967 after reading Peter Berger’s INVITATION TO SOCIOLOGY. I agreed with him that sociology offered the greatest promise for cultivating what is now routinely and fuzzily known as “critical thinking.” I became disillusioned long before completing a 34-year teaching career last year. To see why, check out http://www.csicop.org/si/2006-02/thinking.html
—HG
Howard Gabennesch, Prof, at 5:40 pm EDT on July 25, 2006
Sociology is a lively subject when it is combined with reality: Sociologists of the Arch-type variety use verbage to hide a fear of people-identity. They are one big sociological problem.
G. Pankeythompson, Ph.D, at 6:15 pm EDT on July 25, 2006
“...because sociology is one of the most mind-exercising perspecives available. It’s perhaps the sole discipline within the social sciences that really requires you to step out of conventional economic, psychological, political-scientific, and anthropological wisdom. As such, it ought to be an indispensable tool for teaching kids real reflexivity and critical thinking."I could not agree more with this insight — but would add that precisely because sociology promotes these approaches is the reason its teaching is not as supported as it should be — after all, despite the rhetoric, do the powers that be really want reflexive and critical citizens?
Jen, at 7:05 pm EDT on July 25, 2006
Like most courses in education, the quality of the instructor has a great deal to do with how the material may be received. After teaching sociology for nearly twenty five years I still get excited about what the science of sociology reveals about the world we live in. Personally, I am great consumer of the continuing research by the “Ivory Tower” gang and bring that information forward in my lectures, which is always interesting to my students. In essence, sociology as rule is interesting to a wide range of majors because it explores the real world from different perspectives (we all know that nothing is as it seems).Just because a small number of students may follow that path for their own focus doesn’t mean it is not an important higher education discipline.
Dr. Jim, Soc. Prof, at 4:35 am EDT on July 26, 2006
I agree with all the comments on critical and reflexive thinking, but — having used it as a text — I don’t believe that Berger and Luckman’s Social Construction of Reality or Berger’s Invitation to Sociology automatically teaches critical thinking. In a way, it does just the opposite — imbue the unsuspecting undergraduate with awe (and sometimes shock) about social institutions. In my view, what is needed in sociology is a broad understanding of social and historical change. In addition, change is seldom just social or sociological (or “cultural” for that matter), but political and economic, as the current period of one-sided and unilateral global-local interaction shows. Sociology is relevant precisely because it can critically integrate the viewpoints informed by history and political economy. Whether it’s questions of race and gender, or religious jihad and national liberation, or the often destructive effects of neo-liberal economic policies (destructive of traditional cultures and communities): a broad historical understanding of the structural and political quest for equality and autonomy is an important first step toward studying social movements and social change. Rational choice economics and politics don’t teach that, nor does conventional anthropology or the new institutionalism which is sometimes sold as economic sociology or socio-economics. The fierce ideological polarization of American society demands an equally fierce effort at the critical debunking and collective transformation of our thinking about the contemporary world. I cringe when somebody talks about the “axis of evil” as if eradicating the designated “evil” by force and war (and embracing family values and liberty as “good") is all that’s needed to put things right in the world.Wolf
Wolf, Professor Emeritus at NYU, at 11:15 am EDT on July 26, 2006
According to Prof. Wolf: “I don’t believe that Berger and Luckman’s Social Construction of Reality or Berger’s Invitation to Sociology automatically teaches critical thinking. In a way, it does just the opposite — imbue the unsuspecting undergraduate with awe (and sometimes shock) about social institutions.”
This is far from the effect these books had on me and my students. The principle that social institutions are human products—a fundamental emphasis of Berger and Luckmann—greatly demystifies ("debunks") those institutions. Someone who takes Berger seriously gains enormous respect for Toto’s approach to curtains.—HG
Howard Gabennesch, Prof, at 5:00 pm EDT on July 26, 2006
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Sociology Critical for Educators
The ASA’s push to make the principles of sociology important in higher ed and assess student learning is not only doable but critical withing colleges of education. The move to make democratic citizenship and constructivist pedagogy continues and teachers do not have the sociological skills necessary to make their knowledge work in classrooms. ASA needs to focus their efforts toward dethroning the hegemony of educational psychology that controls preservice teacher programming. The contrast of information is fertile ground for assessing student aquisition and use of sociological skills while returning educational work to the moral activity of teaching in a democratic society. The time is now as education fights to comply to federal policies that demand evidence of quality teaching that includes the ability to teach every child. Current use of reductionist theories undermine not only education, but democratic society as well. Teachers need you!!!!!
Pamela Whitt Morris, PhD Candidate at University of Missouri- STL, at 8:20 am EDT on July 25, 2006