News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Dec. 4, 2006
When the University of Utah lost a state court battle in September over its ban on firearms, officials said that they would fight to keep the prohibition, by taking the case back to federal court and linking the gun policy to academic freedom.
The university has changed its approach and is no longer pushing for a federal ruling. Instead, the university is accepting its Legislature’s right to decide the issue and is seeking lawmakers’ permission to bar guns from at least part of its campus. The debate over guns on Utah campuses — perhaps now headed to a compromise — is an unusual one, involving security, legislative power and academic freedom. The case has been closely watched by college lawyers nationwide because most colleges do ban firearms, even in states where guns are popular.
The dispute in Utah dates to 2001, when Mark Shurtleff, the attorney general, issued an opinion finding that the University of Utah’s gun ban violated state laws barring state or local entities from enacting restrictions on access to firearms. The university sued in federal court, charging that its academic freedom assured by the First Amendment was being violated, and also stating that Utah lawmakers had given the university considerable autonomy when they created it — enough to allow the university to set its own gun policy.
A federal judge ordered that the state issues be heard first, in Utah courts, and that set up a series of legal hearings that led to September’s Utah Supreme Court ruling. That ruling said that the autonomy granted the university did not extend to state laws banning gun prohibitions by units of state or local government. It was at that point that university officials said that they would return to the academic freedom arguments in federal court.
Instead of doing that, however, the university and the state attorney general obtained permission from the federal court to first see if the issue couldn’t be resolved legislatively. Michael Young, president of the university, said in an interview Sunday that both sides would be going into the negotiations with open minds, and that he thought it would be possible to reach an agreement. Legislative leaders could not be reached over the weekend, but have indicated to Utah reporters that part of their anger at the university was a sense that it was ignoring state law (and them), and that this new approach will be met with good faith.
“If you set aside the power issues, the Legislature wants these kids as safe as we do,” Young said. And he added that he expected any compromise to apply to other colleges in the state, not just the University of Utah, which has led the legal battle.
Young said it was important to go into the discussions “without hard positions,” but he said there were specific areas in which he expected the university to seek the right to bar firearms, especially dormitories and stadiums. “There is some sense that dormitory type communal living arrangements may not be the best place to have weapons,” he said, adding that “It’s a little hard to see their utility in athletic venues.”
Classrooms and faculty offices may also be an area where guns should be banned, he said. Young noted that while Utah has not had any gun deaths, institutions that have had them have seen the incidents take place in faculty offices.
On the question of academic freedom, Young said that his concern has been more related to physical safety than to questions of legislative control. “It seems to me that academic freedom flourishes better in an environment where people have no fears for their physical safety,” he said. At a place like a university, where “you are in a situation where people are challenging other’sfundamental beliefs,” assuring that security is particularly important.
In switching legal strategies, Young said he realized that the university would not always please state leaders in every way — and that on issues of fundamental importance, the university would take whatever stand was appropriate. “We aren’t going to look for polling data to see if the world is round or flat.”
At the same time, he said, “we are an instrumentality of the state and we have a particularly role in the state.” In that context, he said, is is far preferable to resolve differences with legislators through negotiations rather than in court. (Young was not at the university when the court battle started in 2001.)
Court should be the last resort, he said. “I’m a lawyer, and as any sensible lawyer will tell you, court is the last place to go.”
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So they “only” want to prevent guns in Dorms, Classrooms, Offices and Stadiums. Sounds a lot like the Sexual Predator laws. With so many areas being “off limits", such restrictions would effectively prevent guns in all areas of the campus, unless some sort of “gun check” booths are established. The gun toters would have to check their weapons at the door, so to speak. Question is, who would administer such a procedure?And how much would it cost? Answer: No one except the poilice are qualified to administer such, and the cost would not be low enough to make it a sound idea from a business sense.
Craig C, political pundit at http://blogresponder.blogspot.com, at 9:05 am EST on December 4, 2006
The issue of banning guns on university campuses cannot be reduced to the question of whether it will prevent a criminal or deranged person from committing a crime. Leaving aside the argument that it might help prevent crimes of passion, where the mere availability of a gun might lead to a fatal outcome in an altercation, guns have no place on university campuses per se. The mission of the university is to engage people in the pursuit of knowledge and truth not in the exercise of destrictive power at the expense of someone else.
I’m hopeful that sensible state governmental officials will agree that whatever the justification for guns elsewhere, they should not be permitted on university campuses.
—Norman
Norman Keul, at 9:15 am EST on December 4, 2006
Mr Kuel’s comments completely ignore what was said previously in this comment sequence. Rules against guns only prevent the law abiding people from bringing their weapons on campus. This makes them “fair game” for those who ignore the law and tote freely. I myself would have gladly used my concealed weapon to save others in the numerous shooting incidences that have occured on campus around the country over the years.
Craig C, political pundit at http://blogresponder.blogspot.com, at 9:30 am EST on December 4, 2006
I suppose then, Craig, that seeing a student paintball enthusiast lurking behind a tree with his “gun” at night, you’d feel free to shoot him. Is that what you’re saying? Yes, no paintballer should be playing on campus at night, but young people don’t always play sensibly. I for one would not like to have to justify having killed someone by saying he was foolish to have been out at night with his painball gun. It’s bad enough that campus police have to navigate this difficult terrain, but at least they’re trained to do so.
Vigilanteism is not the answer. You may not trust your fellow citizens, as is obvious from your fear of being victimized by others, but I am more worried about citizens taking the law into their own hands.
Norman Keul, at 10:00 am EST on December 4, 2006
Strangely enough all the above comments miss the actual dispute: whether the university has the power to enact rules banning guns. The wisdom of banning guns is irrelevant. In short: This is really an issue of state constitutional law nerdery.
Larry, at 10:30 am EST on December 4, 2006
It is becoming surprising just how many universty administrators find that they cannot manage an institution and live within the laws of the United States. In reading a copy of Waiting for Snow in Havana, I was struck at the parallels of how many colleges are now run like Fidel runs Cuba—control all the information sources, create propaganda mills, hide the finances, disempower the citizens (including elimination of any right to self defense)spy on their communication, try to run every aspect of their personal lives and injure and intimidate dissenters. Now, self defense is now matter of academic freedom? Of course those who commit rape and assaults are not a university worry—these acts just don’t happen on our fine campuses, and those who commit these acts are surely not as dangerous as citizens who might take the law into their own hands. Well, how about replacing heads of universities who simply cannot run an institution and live within the laws of State and Country? I sometimes think the cadre of too many current college administrators consist of those who missed their calling as dictators of banana republics.
Prof Ed, at 10:46 am EST on December 4, 2006
Prof Ed,
1) University do not “control” all information sources. Students and faculty have access to the internet, libraries, and interlibrary loan. Students and faculty can listen to radios and have TVs. Heck, you can even read IHE.
2) Creating “propaganda mills” is an inevitable part of any organization. In the US we call it “public relations.” However, anyone can do it.
3) Whether there is a “right” to self defense is somewhat ambiguous. In most cases, self defense is a “defense” to a criminal charge. Unless one invokes a “necessity” defense, there is no “right” to carry a gun outside the context of the law as it stands. Strangely enough the defense of “necessity” exists in Cuban law, too. See http://www.ruleoflawandcuba.fsu.edu/law-penal-code.cfm Law 72, Title V, Ch, III, Art. 21.1 (section begins “Está exento de responsabilidad penal el que obra en legítima defensa de su persona o derecho”)
4) Universities generally have been pretty good about not monitoring internet communications. In fact, with a couple exceptions, universities have not monitored student or faculty communications. Universities have complied with lawful court orders, but I don’t suppose that you are talking about this.
Larry, at 11:45 am EST on December 4, 2006
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” Its rights under this Amendment are the ones the University claims have been denied by the Legislature.
I don’t see how. Telling the University it cannot ban guns hasn’t kept the University from complaining and going to court about it, so the University clearly has kept the freedom to speak and write freely and to petition for redress of grievances. The Legislature hasn’t denied the University the right to assemble peaceably, hasn’t established a religion or prohibited its free exercise.
Maybe I’m dense, but I don’t see any connection between the rights granted by the First Amendment and the denial of the gun ban. The University failed to convince the court, too. The article says they claimed that their academic freedom was infringed by the denial of the gun ban yet the First Amendment says nothing at all about any academic freedom particular to colleges. So, why did they base their argument on the First Amendment? Wouldn’t it have made more sense to cite the Second Amendment’s requirement that a militia be well regulated?
Jack Olson, at 12:46 pm EST on December 4, 2006
Mr. Olson, Let me explain something procedurally here. The Federal court abstained from decision the issues, while the state courts worked out the state-law issues. The state court resolved the state law issues, and the university has decided not to pursue the litigation at the federal court. But, it could.
To take a quick guess at the University’ First Amendment Argument, it would likely go like this: Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957), guarantees a university may “to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study.” By restricting the university’s ability to regulate firearms, the state has interfered with the university’s ability to decide HOW things shall be taught (i.e. with or without firearms.)
Second Amendment arguments are generally losers. Moreover, the resolution of who is “the state” by the state supreme court, forecloses the argument that the university has the ability to preserve its own militia (as opposed to the state’s) by eliminating personal firearms. Finally, since the state has chosen to give a wide birth to individual possession of firearms, and the university urges a narrow one, the “personal use” interpretation of the 2d wouldn’t help it.
Note: I am not taking a position on the 2d amendment, or the university’s possible positions. I have not thought about whether guns on campus are a good idea or not.
Larry, at 1:20 pm EST on December 4, 2006
Norman:
Self defense and ‘vigilanteism’ are not the same thing. Vigalantes and those who ‘take the law into their own hands’ seek to usurp the role of the state and punish those who have broken the law. They act after the commission of the crime to punish someone.
Someone who uses a firearm in self defense is not seeking to punish an aggessor, but to stop the aggressor from harming someone. They act during the commission of a crime to save innocent life.
Chris, University of Utah, at 3:45 pm EST on December 4, 2006
Larry,
Just as Fidel Castro cannot control information sources outside Cuba, of course a university cannot control national press. The problem is that these institutions are not generally forthcoming about themselves, so the information, including raw data on sexual harassment, dangers to students and faculty has to often be pried out of them by lawyers with freedom of information forms. Without that federal clout, the information would be just as available as it is in a banana republic. How secretive are universities? A count of the number of freedom of information filings of substance to such institutions nationally could a fair indication.
Like others have expressed here, I sense that the university’s use of academic freedom to curtail an individual’s legal right— perhaps a “privilege"—but certainly nothing that can be entrusted to university bureaucrats is a stretch. The state, not the university, is the power that determines the concealed carry, make-my-day, etc. laws. For night classes at urban universities, the primary dangers are to the individuals who traverse the more hazardous areas in the activity of passing to and from an institution to attend and teach these classes. Such a ruling thus affects individuals in off-campus areas who have chosen to exercise their right/privilege and does not simply affect campus classrooms where dangers are indeed minimal, and the restriction originates with nonelected college officials.
I reiterate my position—those who cannot run a state institution in accord with established state/federal laws should be doing something else—perhaps running for elected office where they can legally try to enact on citizens what they aspire to enact from the privilege of holding a non-elected office.
Prof Ed, at 5:06 pm EST on December 4, 2006
Larry, it is on topic to discuss why the university is misguided in its attempt to violate the 2nd amendment. Larry, I’m not afraid. I don’t know what world you live in, but the world of today has a lot of gun violence that is unfortunately only now and then prevented by a pistol packing citizen, doing a good deed. When the police stop all such crimes before they happen, I will acknowledge it is time to disarm. But since that will never happen, the occasional “vigilante” option is still a good thing.
Craig C, political pundit at http://blogresponder.blogspot.com, at 8:51 pm EST on December 4, 2006
Sorry, Craig, why is it on topic? The only thing reported on was the decision of the school not to pursue any federal remedies (or a petition to the Supreme Court, which would be denied, anyway.) This is about only one thing: the power of the University to write laws that conflict with certain statutes. Granted, I don’t have the insight that a licensed pundit does, but this has nothing to do with gun “rights” or the like. If the legislature had gone the other way (and it still might) individuals can still challenge the law on 2d amendment grounds, anyway. Perhaps you could cite to specific sections of the state supreme court opinion in order to fully explain what you are talking about.
By the way, kids, I sort of liked the vision of a university running its own “militia.” I am sure that all the girls whose fathers pay for their expensive cars would gladly do some drills at 5:00 a.m. in December.
Prof Ed., As a legal matter, “sexual harassment” is essentially a breach of contract by an employer with his employee, it is doubtful that any university can ever track the number of times that a person feels uncomfortable in the presence of his boss. At best, the only “raw” numbers that can be reported are based on “reports” which are nothing more than subjective impressions or political positions taken by individuals.
Moreover, ProfEd, the whole point of the story was that the school will not be pursuing its First Amendment argument. Therefore, the school is not arguing “academic freedom” in any sense of the word (apart from, perhaps a question of how the state constitution maps out the various organs of state government).
Finally, Prof Ed, as far as I, or anyone else can tell, the school is running itself in accord with all laws. There was a dispute as to what those laws mean. The court ultimately resolved it against the university. However, the fact that the university DID go to court is proof that the university is being run in accord with whatever laws you were referring to. Seeking declarations as to what the law means from a court is something that institutions do. It is a shame that more people don’t do this, but they prefer to be arrested and becoming felons.
Larry, at 4:25 am EST on December 5, 2006
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Although the University of Utah president may believe he increases “safety” by banning guns from campus, he falls for the same delusion that all gun control advocates do: he believes a ban would prevent let’s say an angered or deranged student from bringing an gun and shooting fellow students or faculty. Criminals do not care about the rules. What could help faculty and fellow students though is if they could defend themselves in such a case and shoot a perpetrator before much carnage happens.We read about cases where students shoot faculty or fellow students. It makes real sense to actually allow potential targets of crime to defend themselves. Crime rates and gun crime in “concealed carry” states are lower than in gun-ban areas.
Respectfully
Peter Germroth, at 7:40 am EST on December 4, 2006