News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
March 29, 2007
Yesterday’s hero can be today’s tyrant. New revelations and changing opinion can alter the context of accolades once deemed sensible. As a result, several universities are taking another look at their processes for awarding honorary degrees after a recurring controversy over one of the most prominent African tyrants in recent years.
Robert Mugabe, president of Zimbabwe, was showered with praise when he helped establish the independence of his country, formerly Rhodesia, in 1979 and end white rule when he won the first open elections as prime minister. As his rule continued, human rights groups began criticizing his methods and scholars blamed the country’s steady decline on his policies.
At least three institutions in the U.S. and Britain have awarded honorary degrees to Mugabe – and some at each of these institutions are having second thoughts:
“Anyone with anything to do with Edinburgh University will want them to remove his degree and take steps to distance the university from this ogre and do it as soon as possible,” stated James MacMillan, an Edinburgh graduate and conductor with the BBC Philharmonic, in an op-ed in The Scotsman.
The discussions within the universities come years after Mugabe’s human rights record was made known, and at a time when violence and threats against the political opposition in Zimbabwe have again made front-page news. On Wednesday, the Associated Press reported that the main opposition party leader, Morgan Tsvangirai, and others were arrested – two weeks after they accused the government of smashing his head against a wall while again in custody. (Mugabe himself has been quoted as saying that he holds several “degrees in violence.”)
But in the 1980s, things seemed different. “I think Zimbabwe’s independence was seen as a precursor for South Africa’s independence” from white minority rule, said Joye Bowman, a professor of history at UMass-Amherst. Awarding the honorary degrees “were logical decisions at the time. It was a proper decision at a hopeful moment.”
For the most part, officials of these universities have emphasized the procedures (or lack thereof) involved in granting and revoking such degrees rather than comment on their appropriateness. Edinburgh is actively “reviewing” Mugabe’s degree and considering whether to impose limits on awards to celebrities; a spokesman at the UMass president’s office emphasized that the university has never withdrawn such a degree before and that it’s “taking a look” at the issue.
At UMass, guidelines specify that recipients of honorary degrees possess “great accomplishment and high ethical standards” and must be approved by the Board of Trustees. (Each campus in the system awards its own degrees.) At Michigan State, they are given “in recognition of distinguished accomplishment and service within the scope of the arts and letters, sciences and the professions, and public service....”
Many students and faculty members have been critical of the failure of institutions to revoke the Mugabe honors – years after his conduct was well established. At Michigan State, the undergraduate student government began lobbying for the degree’s revocation in 2005. The Edinburgh students’ association passed a resolution last year demanding the same. An official of Zimbabwe’s opposition Movement for Democratic Change party, Tom Nyandoro, emphasized that withdrawing such degrees is one of many tools available to outside groups seeking to pressure for change and said that “we strongly feel that it should have been done at least five years ago when Mugabe’s regime brutality was fully exposed to the world.”
The degree from Michigan State, awarded several years after the other two, has a somewhat different history, reflecting the university’s ties with Zimbabwe over the years.
“The honorary degree was carefully worded not in terms of honoring [Mugabe] as a person but to honor the linkage between Michigan State and the University of Zimbabwe which he represented,” said David Wiley, a professor of sociology and director of the African Studies Center.
The representation is literal: Mugabe is, officially at least, the chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe. But for years the center, which has the largest African studies faculty in the nation, also had the most expansive American university partnership in Africa, according to Wiley, with over 600 student and faculty exchanges. (Michigan State continues to host Zimbabwe faculty but not to send people there.)
Wiley added that there hasn’t been a formal university review of the decision. “Since it was in honor of the linkage with Zimbabwe more than it was of him as a person, the thought was to maybe leave it in place,” said Wiley, who believes the degree shouldn’t be revoked. He noted that plenty of honorary degree recipients – Vice President Cheney and President Clinton have also been honored at Michigan State – have done controversial things after receiving their degrees.
“My own sense is that if the university were to want to consider revoking that, then it would have to … review all of its honorary degrees – were they honorable people? Are we happy in retrospect?”
Want it on paper? Print this page.
Know someone who’d be interested? Forward this story.
Want to stay informed? Sign up for free daily news e-mail.
Advertisement
The ancient Greeks used to say that we should “call no man happy until he is happily buried in his grave.” They knew that a man who achieved (or seemed to achieve) the apex of happiness and prosperity could be unexpectedly reduced to the lowest depths of misery and deprivation. Perhaps we should honor no man who has not been honorably buried in his grave. Today’s liberator may become tomorrow’s tyrant. Indeed, even the reputation of legendary dead heroes are not absolutely beyond the possibility of some stain. (Recall how the reps of folk like Washington and Jefferson have been questioned in some quarters when sanitized histories were challenged by awareness of their status as slaveholders) Robert Mugabe, who did lead his country to independence from colonial tyranny, has established a new tyranny in the place of the old white one. Why couldn’t he have just served his country after being elected, and then left the presidency honorably with a democratic system intact? Isn’t this what Nelson Mandela did? Perhaps an honorary degree should have been conferred upon Mandela instead. I don’t mind honoring liberatiors who do not turn into tyrants. Maybe there should be a probation period. The liberator must be succeeded by someone through a democratic election before we honor him.
Rob, at 8:45 am EDT on March 29, 2007
Let me play devil’s advocate here.
At the time Mugabe was widely regarded as a good person. I don’t think there was much dispute about that. If a degree supposedly awards past performance, why should a school consistently monitory his future performance?
If we are going to go down this road, schools would be able to revoke earned degrees from people based on their future political positions. A few short months ago, in the US, it was considered a dangerous minority view to espouse the withdrawal from Iraq. I could see schools trying to “revoke” the degrees of students that supported this view. Now, the tables are turned. Would schools “revoke” the degrees of other people?
What about degrees in the sciences? The forefront of science changes. Should, for example, all doctoral degrees in biology that predate DNA be revoked, because these people misunderstood a lot about the nature of “life.”
Larry, at 9:16 am EDT on March 29, 2007
How do you revoke something that is meaningless and has no rights or privileges associated with it? What does it mean to revoke an honorary degree? Will they write Mugabe and insist he burn his piece of paper? I guess if he puts the revoked degree on his resume (when he goes looking for a job) he would be misrepresenting the truth, but then he could say that he held the degree for a certain period of time. Surely the folks at these schools have better things to do than debate such nonsense.
Gary, at 11:24 am EDT on March 29, 2007
Gary,I think he has a priority in the Michigan State football ticket lottery. However, he probably gets hit on the fund raising so he may net out to where he is eager to turn that honorary degree in.
MSBOB, at 12:26 pm EDT on March 29, 2007
Face it, a great many academic honors – probably even a majority – are not for the purpose of heaping tribute on the honoree; they are for the purpose of associating the university with someone of stature.
What’s in it for Bill Gates to receive an honorary degree from Tier-two University? He’s not going to start calling himself Dr. Gates, he’s not going to put it on his résumé, and in a week everyone will have forgotten all about it.
Yet TU will have identified itself – albeit for a very short time – with a great entrepreneur, and they will hope against hope that Mr. Gates will be appreciative to the extent that he will underwrite construction of TU’s Gates School of Computer Engineering. Getting an honorary degree is like making an appearance on the Bill O’Reilly Show ... it takes time to go through the motions, it has no impact on anything at all, and when it’s over you always wonder why you bothered.
RWH, at 12:45 pm EDT on March 29, 2007
Sorry to weigh in twice ... especially since awarding honors and honorary degrees is not really that important in the scheme of things (I am reminded of our beloved president’s first round of awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to his pals who botched up the “post-war” occupation of Iraq. Now that was an act of truly Orwellian proportions).
First, Rob, I don’t think it’s necessary to wait for the death of the great person to award the honor. As I said earlier, the majority of this stuff is for the honor-er, not the honoree, so having the big hoopla while everyone still is around and smiling seems pretty harmless to me.
Larry, my only disagreement with your post is that awarding honorary degrees is remarkably different from giving earned degrees. As an undergraduate (fifty years ago), I took a course in Modern Physics ... and I kept the book. It is really quite wonderful, but I’d guess it is 95% wrong. As you know, knowledge – and especially scientific knowledge – is cumulative, and the contributions of Niels Bohr, et. al. were really quite remarkable at the time and are certainly worthy of all the accolades we did and continue to cast in their direction.
Gary, while I agree that academic honors and certainly honorary degrees are essentially meaningless, in some sense revoking such honors says even more about the honor-er than the original award. If we take Manley’s example, had the Byrd School of Business, said “Look, we thought there was reason to give John Rigas this award, but it turned out that he was neither the man nor the entrepreneur we thought he was, so we would like to acknowledge that we were wrong and rescind the award,” then you’d have to say, “right on BSB! You’re acting on the basis of principle.” As it is, they have chosen to say nothing and apparently hope no one notices.
What? ... you think Rigas has that award hanging on the wall of his jail cell and would go down fighting if someone tried to take it back?
Also Gary, your comment, “Surely the folks at these schools have better things to do than debate such nonsense” could not be further from the truth. I was once on a committee that “signed off” on behalf of faculty to whom honorary degrees would be proffered. We spent much more than an hour one day debating the pros and cons of giving an honorary degree to George Strait, the country music singer (it seems he was a casual friend and the favorite singer of someone on the university’s board of directors). Anyway, since in those days I had nothing but time, it was pretty funny. I conducted the research on him and discovered that on one occasion he gave one of his hats to a charitable organization to be auctioned off. That was about it.
Finally, once you get past giving awards to individuals of stature and individuals you are trying to hit up for a substantial donation for something or other, a huge number of such awards fall into the category of “you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours,” with individuals who have fairly mediocre credentials – and especially deans, vice presidents, and presidents who haven’t even thought of scholarship in the past thirty years — awarding these prizes to each other.
I have always thought any act by someone wearing a cap and gown has got to rival in importance the act of a youngster dressed up for Halloween.
RWH, at 5:02 pm EDT on March 29, 2007
It gets better. CNN is reporting that African leaders are siding with him. Does this mean that any revoked degrees have to be re-instated?
Larry, q, at 7:51 pm EDT on March 29, 2007
Well Larry, I also doubt that there’s much good in revoking an “honarary degree.” Schools should perhaps be more careful with the conferring of them. At any rate, they’re not real academic degrees. However, even if an honorary degree was revoked because the recipient betrayed the promise of excellence for which he received it, I doubt that this would lead to the revoking of EARNED degrees because the person who earned it disappointed us in later life. There are at least three reasons why I thinking that the revoking of honorary degrees is likely to lead to the revoking of earned degrees.
1. If you’ve earned a degree you supposedly met the academic requirements and standards of the university through your studies and performance. For example, to obtained my doctoral degree, I had to attend grad schools, take a certain number and range seminars (all requiring the writing of scholarly papers), pass qualifying examinations, and write a doctoral thesis which must then be defended in a two hour or more session of cross examination. The committee had to sign off on the thesis which is listed with the Library of Congress. No such academic criteria has to be met to get an honorary degree. But a rich philanthropist who has made generous contributions may well be conferred an honorary degree in “humane letters” even if he oouldn’t tell the difference between Shakespeare and Shake n’ Bake.
2. The revoking of an earned degree is probably illegal, or of very questionable legality. A school which revoked an earned degree, thereby destroying someone’s professional life simply because they didn’t like his current political opinions, would probably be more susceptible to a damaging legal suit than someone who had a professionally and academically meaningless honorary degree revoked.
3. A college or university which revoked an earned degree would be calling into question its own competence and integrity as an academic institution. Couldn’t they tell after years of a student’s matriculation that he or she was not academically competent? If they couldn’t discern something that basic, than perhaps the persons who confer degrees are not competent themselves. Or perhaps their academic integrity is questionable if they think they’re entitled to strip an academic degree from a competent (maybe in some cases “brilliant") former student who had EARNED it according to the school’s own standards. And imagine doing so because they no longer like his POLITICAL OPINIONSS!!!!!!! What would this do to the school’s reputation?
In short, I think what you’re suggesting is a classic slippery slope argument. But I doubt that the dangers you suggest are very likely.
Dr. Rob, at 9:55 am EDT on March 30, 2007
Has anyone heard of a case where someone asked his university to revoke his degree because he felt dissatisfied with the product?
Mark Plus, at 5:30 am EDT on May 9, 2007
“New revelations and changing opinion can alter the context of accolades once deemed sensible".
For white folks in southern Africa it ain’t a “new revelation” that Mugabe, Nkomo and Mbeki are nothing but terrorist thugs, mere formal presentations of the criminals which have plundered the once prosperous white countries Rhodesia and the “old” South Africa. Ask any former member of the security forces in Rhodesia or South Africa who have faced these people without all the media spin and their fancy suites.
What’s also not a “new revelation” is the continued hypocrisy of the media and the western elites. Instead of admitting their folly and ideological bent intent on destroying the lives of thousands of white settlers, they act as if the data has mysteriously changed.
Rubbish, everyone with some common sense and background knowledge knew who Mugabe (and by extension Mbeki and Knomo) are.
The media and the elites have once again failed their No. 1 duty to protect the common good and the citizens under their trust.
langalibalele, at 6:15 am EDT on June 8, 2007
Advertisement
or search for jobs directly.
Job Description: This is a full time, tenure track faculty position in the Nursing Program beginning August ... see job
Applications are being invited for one tenure-track opening at the Assistant Professor level for Fall 2008 (or until position ... see job
[ Position Number: FY 07-67 ] Reports to: Chairperson of Physics and Astronomy Department Scope: To strengthen the interface ... see job
CalIT2 California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Position: Project Scientists Salary: ... see job
Everest Institute, a respected member of the Corinthian Colleges’ network of schools, is dedicated to helping students ... see job
This posting is on ongoing pool. When an opening arises in the math department, coordinators will access applicants in this ... see job
Sinclair is a comprehensive community college with an enrollment of over 24,000 students that offers career and transfer ... see job
Become intrinsically involved in the growth of a fast rising International Medical School! see job
British History or British Imperial History since 1750. The history department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel ... see job
As one of the largest degree-granting higher education systems in North America, DeVry University provides high-quality, ... see job
The IHE Hall of Shame
This is quite wonderful.
I think IHE should start a Hall of Shame for known honors and honorary degrees that have been awarded by colleges and universities, would definitely give one pause, and have not been rescinded. Everyone can make a mistake – that’s no big deal – but refusing to acknowledge a bad decision by failing to revoke the honor is what I find interesting ... perhaps even reprehensible.
I’ll start it off with the Harry F. Byrd, Jr. School of Business – no that’s not it – at tiny Shenandoah University.
In 1991 they honored Adelphia’s John Rigas with their “Entrepreneur of the Year,” award, probably expecting a little largess in the process. The plaque is still on display.
In 2005, the 81 year old Rigas — not to mention his 49 year old son Tim — were sentenced to 15 years in prison for looting the company of $600 million, conspiring to hide $2.3 billion in Adelphia debt, and lying to investors about the company’s financial condition.
Rigas’ younger son, Michael, the former chief operating officer of Adelphia, was sentenced to 10 months of home confinement and two years of probation.
Of course Adelphia went bankrupt, deprived thousands of investors of their nest eggs – a la Enron – and was purchased by Comcast. All of which causes me to wonder how many colleges and universities have given awards to Kenneth Lay ... and have never rescinded them?
Frizbane Manley, at 7:45 am EDT on March 29, 2007