News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
July 27, 2007
As “the world becomes flat” amid “increasing globalization” and a greater focus on “international education,” what is clear — besides an ever-flowing stream of buzzwords — is that as trade and travel between nations increases, so will the tendency for universities to expand into territory beyond U.S. shores.
This trend has the potential to do a lot of good, as witnesses representing several top research institutions testified before a House of Representatives panel on Thursday. But, they acknowledged, there are tradeoffs, too — and as they spoke before the mostly sympathetic Committee on Science and Technology, a consensus emerged that although American higher education remains the best in the world, its position is becoming increasingly precarious and vulnerable to competition.
The session, the second in a series of hearings on innovation and offshoring, focused on the intersection of globalization and the American university. That encompasses several trends, from an increasing focus on study abroad — currently only about 1 percent of American students travel to a foreign country for a semester or more — to partnerships with academic institutions in other countries, the proliferation of branch campuses of American colleges in places like Qatar and India, and the influx of foreign students to the United States.
As these trends converge, the result is greater access to Western higher education for students abroad, as well as more opportunities for American students to learn about other countries and cultures. At the same time, some of the committee members worried, the potential exists that universities are educating foreign students who will essentially become “the competition” for American graduates.
So whether students are immigrating to the United States to study or attending classes at branch campuses in their home countries, there is concern that — amid the complexities of visa regulations and the expansion of opportunities abroad — more international students are opting either to return home or to stay there in the first place, benefiting their own economies but possibly competing with American students for the same jobs.
Not all agreed with that assessment. Philip G. Altbach, the Monan professor of higher education at Boston College, suggested that “branch campuses will not affect overall student numbers coming here and may … actually improve the quality of students coming to this country because they’ll know better what they’re getting into and have an exposure already to U.S. higher education.
“If you look at overseas student enrollment over a long time in the U.S., you’ll find that very significant numbers have not gone home,” he said.
Meanwhile, the well-documented shortage of American students pursuing education in science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) fields, is creating what could be a self-fulfilling prophecy. Students avoid the subjects out of a fear that they won’t be able to find jobs due to outsourced jobs, forcing universities and employers to look abroad for the best applicants.
Most members of the committee seemed interested in finding the right balance between bolstering American competitiveness and welcoming foreign students, although some panelists insisted it was a false dichotomy. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.), however, rejected the premise that universities should embrace globalization and likened attracting foreign students to “a public service to foreigners” paid for by American taxpayers. He went further, questioning whether foreign students are “being trained to take information back, which we have spent billions of dollars to develop in the United States, putting this into their human computer so they can go home” and potentially share the knowledge with a foreign military.
“Bringing in foreign students is a symbol of failure, not something we should be bragging about,” Rohrabacher said. (Rep. David Wu, the Democratic chairman of the House Science Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, pointedly stood up during the comments and looked silently in Rohrabacher’s direction — but whether it was a response to the statements or a signal to an aide was not clear.)
The president of Cornell University, David Skorton, acknowledged the concerns about security but flatly rejected Rohrabacher’s characterization of universities’ relationships with foreign countries and students. “There’s no question that what you’ve raised is a potential concern, there’s no question about it,” he said, but “it is true that we’re living in a global world; it is true that we need the best and brightest to work on [research problems].”
Panelists also pointed out that overseas efforts are planned as revenue neutral; they don’t receive state funding, in the case of public institutions, and they pay for themselves. Besides securing separate financing — either through private donations or pledges from a foreign government — the panelists also emphasized that they only go where there’s a need. This “due diligence” is necessary to justify the effort, they noted, both to university leaders and to people in the host country.
For branch campuses, such as Cornell’s medical school in Qatar, a significant factor is “the ability to study certain problems that are best studied in a certain environment or best studied jointly,” Skorton said.
Global Institutions
Globalization isn’t just something that’s passively happening to universities anymore, suggested another panelist, Mark G. Wessel, dean of the H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management at Carnegie Mellon University.
“Today, universities are engaging the issue of becoming global institutions as part of their overall strategies,” he said.
Wessel said that increasing globalization has led to a realization in developing countries that education is key. The result, he said, is that countries are adopting the U.S. model of tertiary education. That could be a threat, or it could be a call to action; already, he suggested, “going global is efficient” for universities seeking to expand to emerging markets and better tailor their research and teaching to the new education landscape.
“We’re not immune to competition,” he warned. “In 20 years, if we do not assiduously pursue globalization, I think we could easily expect half of the [U.S.] institutions ... in the top 20 to drop out,” presumably to be replaced by foreign institutions.
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It is so sad that competition is an issue in educational practices. Shouldn’t the opportunity to education the individual be the primary focus and mission of our universities?
marble, at 8:50 am EDT on July 27, 2007
You’d think that someone smart enough to get himself elected to Congress would be smart enough to understand the value in educating international students. But no.
So here it is, one more time. Higher education is one of the best ways to practice public diplomacy, or “soft power” as some like to call it. Our culture, and its education system, happen to be quite attractive to many people, even if from time to time they find things to complain about. Don’t we all.
Bringing these folks from their home countries to our universities is a winning strategy in every respect. They tend, on the whole, to do better than our domestic students (they’re probably more motivated) and many of them stay with us. In case you hadn’t noticed (I’m talking to Rep. Rohrabacher here) the US needs skilled, well-educated people, and guess what? here they are. If they stay, they tend overwhelmingly to do well, pay their taxes, and stay out of trouble.
Those that go home are almost always very proud of their alma mater, and look on their time in the US with great fondness, despite the usual problems with the weather, the food, and the quality of TV. Like those who stay with us, they tend to do well, and rise to positions of influence. And they also turn into loyal alumni, generous donors, and generally excellent advertisements for this country. Better still, many of them turn into our business partners.
As a nation, we have a clear and strong interest in educating the rest of the world. Despite the barriers we’ve set up, they keep coming. Our problems will start, Congressman, when they stop coming.
Riall Nolan, Associate Provost and Dean of International Programs at Purdue University, at 9:55 am EDT on July 27, 2007
Rohrabacher’s xenophobic views are amazing for someone from California. Doesn’t he know that Silicon Valley will close down without foreign students?
John, east coast institution, at 11:00 am EDT on July 27, 2007
One of the interesting aspects of the concept of “internationalization” of american education rest on the fact that more and more foreigh institutions, and educational processes, have gained the upper hand on the american educational system with regards with producing better prepared students and a higher level of scholarship. I want to empahsize “system” as the crux of the matter in my posting. As an european born and educated individual, presently teaching in the U.S. , I would suggest that there is perhaps a greater need for an influx of foreign educators which may bring along with them novel and innovatative strategies designed to maiximize the educational success for american university students. Far too often universities and colleges systems in the U.S. are Bureaucracy ladden, where the vagaries of the Bureaucratic processes overshadow the educational context.Too much documentation which becomes often redundant and unecessary.Moreover, a true understanding of foreign credentials is necessary in order to ensure that the often “our degrees are the only ones we accept” attitude of some education institutions is brought in line with a world view of education in the global sense
edward fernandes, psychologist, at 11:15 am EDT on July 27, 2007
Same ole’ song, “THEY are going to take over” OUR stuff.
Walker, Student, at 3:05 pm EDT on July 27, 2007
So, let me get this straight. We’re suffering from over-population and we’ve got hundreds of thousands of unemployed science and tech workers and more hundreds of thousands of them pet-sitting and selling blue jeans, and you want to increase student visas.
After heavy lobbying and one or two admittedly bogus reports, you increased student visas and split off an additional guest-work visa specifically aimed at driving down compensation for PhDs in science and tech you then turned around and argued that it would be a terrrrrrrrible shame to send these students here on temporary visas back home after having educated them and given them access to our latest, greatest research and techniques for research. And after admitting that this policy change would drive US citizens away from graduate work in these fields because the increased compensation and job stability to be expected from the advanced degree no longer even approaches the direct, indirect and opportunity costs for earning the degree, you now whine that a lower percentage of students are US citizens. So, you falsely conclude, there’s a terrrrrrible shortage of US citizen science and tech workers.
You’re long over-due for a reality check, folks.http://www.kermitrose.com/econ.html#Summary
We should only be admitting the best and brightest, and there aren’t 600,000 “best and brightest", no, there aren’t 60,000 “best and brightest” students in the world. We shouldn’t be admitting ANYONE until they pass (and pay for, alone, with employers, or with charitable assistance) a thorough background investigation, but once they’ve made the cut and earned the degree, it should be relatively easy, with a simpler background update investigation, to get a permanent visa. It should also be far easier for US citizens to get into US grad schools, to get those assistantships, and earn those degrees than it has been in recent years, and the faculties should be shifted back to more tenure-track positions and there should be far fewer adjuncts and OPS (less body shopping).
High percentages of foreign graduate students was a goal of the H-1B visa program. The government’s National Science Foundation, in pushing Congress to establish the H-1B program back in 1989, explicitly stated that they felt that PhD salaries in science and engineering were too high, and advocated bringing in foreign students to hold down wages. It also stated that a consequence of this would be that Americans would not find PhD study financially attractive and thus would not pursue it. The NSF stated:
“A growing influx of foreign PhDs into U.S. labor markets will hold down the level of PhD salaries to the extent that foreign students are attracted to U.S. doctoral programs as a way of immigrating to the U.S.A. A related point is that for this group the PhD salary premium is much higher [than it is for Americans], because it is based on BS-level pay in students’ home nations versus PhD-level pay in the U.S.A... [If] doctoral studies are failing to appeal to a large (or growing) percentage of the best citizen baccalaureates, then a key issue is pay... A number of [the Americans] will select alternative career paths... For these baccalaureates, the effective premium for acquiring a PhD may actually be negative.” http://www.nber.org/~peat/PapersFolder/Papers/SG/NSF.html http://www.nber.org/~peat/ReadingsFolder/PrimarySources/TimeLine.html Policy and Research Analysis Division of the NSFhttp://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/pres/comments/numbers.html
“A decade after lambasting the National Science Foundation (NSF) for botching a study of the science job market, Congress has asked the agency to once again take on the politically risky task of predicting how many high-tech workers the United States will need over the next decade... Nonetheless, such projections can spark a political fire-storm, as NSF learned after a 1987 study, led by Peter House, warned of a coming ’shortfall’ of several hundred thousand scientists. After the forecast proved false, law-makers questioned the agency’s reputation for dispassionate analysis (Science, 1992 February 14, p. 788).” http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol282/issue5395/s-scope.dtl1998-12-04 vol 282 issue 5395
Gene Nelsonhttp://psyche.uthct.edu/nes/wwwboard/messages/53.html
Bruce de la Vega, at 7:55 pm EDT on July 27, 2007
Bruce de la Vega is absolutely right — Rohrbacher was the only sane person in the room.
Today the House has before it the STRIVE (Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy) Act of 2007, H.R. 1645, a piece of legislation that is intended to address some of those articulated in the debates on “comprehensive immigration reform.”
The provisions of Title VII (miscellaneous) in STRIVE include the following groups EXEMPT FROM NUMERICAL LIMITS:
1) Certain professionals including those with extraordinary ability in the sciences,arts, business, and other critical fields;
2) Foreign students with an advanced degree in STEM from U.S. institutions OR FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS (capitals mine);
3) H-1Bs exempt from the annual caps;
4) U.S. STEM degree holders: New visa classification and labor certificationimmigration waiver upon receiving a job offer in the U.S.
... and further provides for:
Entry for employment-based-visa-holder spouses and children whose visas are issued after 10/01/2004 up to the annual maximum of 800,000.
An H-1B quota increase to 115,000 (the actual annual intake exceeds this anyway, because the 85,000 limit has never been strictly enforced) with a flexible market-based annual adjustment up to 180,000 visas/year.
There are other provisions, but these are the ones salient to our discussion.
I think we need to ask, what will happen to US citizen enrollment in STEM subjects if this passes? What will happen to US citizen employment in STEM subjects? What will occur in STEM subject education? What will happen in US employment markets? Will this allow the US to retain its lead in the sciences and engineering, or will it cause a quick, sharp and irreversible collapse with devastating implications for IP protection, national security, the US economy, and even national sovereignty?
Scrawed, at 5:30 pm EDT on September 6, 2007
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Not this crap again!
“Bringing in foreign students is a symbol of failure, not something we should be bragging about,” Rohrabacher said.
This view is nationalistic nonsense. Being the smartest guy in the room merely by the dearth of other’s abilities is not a show of strength, but blatant weakness. To put it another way, keeping the the rest of the world poor and ignorant is not in America’s “national interest.” To put the issue in a more current perspective: What better way to prevent religious radicalization that to allow students — provided they were not co-opted in the first place — to experience the benefit of worldly, liberal institutions?
Let us look at the larger system. If allowing foreign students to study in the United States helps that given country to advance, then so be it. Look at the page on this very site dealing with the Iraq WWII manual: “The British don’t know how to make a good cup of coffee. You don’t know how to make a good cup of tea. It’s an even swap.” Instead of believing that America must perpetually work from a position of dominance, let us come to the point where we can work in the spirit of the even swap.
Joseph C., at 8:25 am EDT on July 27, 2007