News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Nov. 19, 2007
Any instructor who has ever given students a writing assignment that affords them latitude to pick the topic has heard this one: “So, uh, what should I write about?”
Recounting such conversations, Scott Warnock, an assistant professor of English at Drexel University and director of the Freshman Writing Program, lights up. “What can’t you write about and talk about?”
That’s the spirit behind “English Alive,” a pilot program at Drexel that shakes up freshman writing instruction by combining interactive projects with a hybrid (in-person and Web-based) class format. Warnock and colleagues described the mission and structure of the English 101 courses Friday at the National Council of Teachers of English annual convention in New York.
Eleven Drexel instructors combined to create the framework for the course, which was taught in 30 sections and for about 550 students last year. The classes are dormant this fall, but those behind the project hope the university — and perhaps others — will pick up on the concept. (Many faculty are incorporating aspects of the program into their courses this fall and using a hybrid format.)
If a typical first-year writing assignment asks, “What themes do you want to cover?, a typical English Alive assignment asks that, and also, “In what format do you want to express them: a poster, a podcast, a Web presentation, animation, or, perhaps, a traditional essay?
Students conduct interviews and observe interactions around Philadelphia, and then write about them. The course still includes instruction in expository writing and rhetoric, and instructors still talk about clarity, coherence, audience and role — the buzzwords of any English 101 course. But many assignments include visual components on top of the writing. In other words, instructors say, it’s about projects, not just papers.
“The conventional way that assignments are presented to students isn’t always relevant to them,” Warnock said. “We can change that by trying to create context.”
Added Valarie Meliotes Arms, a professor of English who helped develop the program: “Some projects sound like they could be a traditional paper. But because we give students options, they don’t come in to us looking like regular assignments. We want it to be alive for them, so we are asking them to use what they already know.”
For instance, a student who’s proficient at Web design can create pages as part of a project. Artists can make posters or design cartoons. And the course is heavy on what the instructors call “primary research.” For one assignment, students find a group of strangers, listen to their conversation, take notes and reflect on their experiences as outsiders. Then they write about a time when they felt like they were on the periphery, and also read a literary text about being an outsider.
Drexel, with its popular co-op program, attracts students who are working part- or full-time and have a vocational mindset. So instructors in the program encourage them to think about completing projects that relate to their current job or desired career. Assignments ask students to explain how Philadelphia would be a promising location for a given profession, and, as a researcher for the fictional Science and Technology Administration, write a “white paper” that persuades the audience that a given work place or profession would be completely different — and perhaps not exist at all — without this technology.
“The payoff is when students make a connection between writing and the rest of their lives,” said Dan Driscoll, a visiting professor of English who’s involved in the project.
The program’s other key component is its hybrid class structure. Students spend 80 minutes per week in class, and the equivalent amount of time posting messages on the class’s Blackboard site. Software allows instructors to track not only how many entries students complete, but how many discussion threads they are reading and how much time they are spending on the site.
The instructors who put together the English Alive curriculum agreed that it had to include multimedia components and ask students to regularly post on message boards.
“This is where our students are — there is no other way to put it,” Warnock said.
On the outsiders assignment, students turned in posts about their experiences on the course page along with a visual — a photograph or image that illustrates the concept of outsider. Classmates comment on each others’ work and sometimes recommend sources for projects. Instructors also have the option of asking students to turn in assignments online without others being able to view them.
Faculty involved in the program said some of their colleagues were concerned about giving up autonomy in the “wild west of teaching,” as Warnock calls the online component. Class conversations go on without them in discussion threads, and instructors have to fight the urge to moderate.
“Faculty got over it when they learned that students were more creative when we weren’t around,” Arms said.
Other instructors noticed that shyer students were putting more effort into posting than speaking up in class, and an audience member during the convention session said she worried about the class’s format encouraging isolation.
Warnock said that hadn’t been his experience with the course; Arms responded that students were anything but timid in challenging each other in the online threads.
And then there’s the issue of writing style. English professors might cringe at the idea of grading posts filled with spelling errors and emoticons. Warnock said he asks his students to be semi-formal in posts, and treat their entries as mini-essays. But that doesn’t preclude them from using the symbols and shorthand that is common in Web dialogue. Warnock said students know how to tailor their writing for their peers online, and then switch to a style that fits a more traditional assignment.
“They know how to turn it on and off,” he said.
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One more example of the value of yielding some of that “classroom control.” This program, by embracing both Learner-Generated-Content and Learner-Generated-Context is embracing what students bring to the course rather than rejecting that mountain of creativity and differing abilities. It also realizes that there is more to communication than the stilted historic forms most schooling privileges. In doing so, it not only opens up education, makes it relevant and worth participating in, it re-aligns our notions of ability and disability.
Ira Socol, Michigan State University, at 9:45 am EST on November 19, 2007
Drexel’s English Alive is definitely moving in the direction of first world literacy, and, as educations, we are smart to take note and adjust our teaching accordingly to keep pace. Although I couldn’t make it to NCTE this year, I am so happy to see that it looks like there were more sessions devoted to teaching college English. Thank you to Drexel faculty and staff and INSIDE HIGHER EDUCATION for sharing their experiences and resources.
Elizabeth Sturgeon, at 1:30 pm EST on November 19, 2007
Having led a team of faculty who taught English to first year engineering students since 1989, I had accumulated a body of knowledge about how to engage reluctant though talented students with authentic projects. With the help of an enthusiastic IT group and a willing, though occasionally “reluctant” faculty, I synthesized much of that experience into English Alive for the entire student population. Although only some elements of the pilot have been adopted, more faculty are getting interested as they become comfortable with the idea of multi-modlaities being informed by age old objectives: clarity, appeal to audience, evidence of valid research, etc. The surprises are telling. Students are enthusiastic about online conversations and recognize the propriety of language required. They also need virtually no instruction on the mechanics of various media, though the requirements for the objectives may be new. The surprises for faculty include the discovery that students allowed to “design” their project can be more creative and demanding of themselves than teachers may have recognized. Some teachers are also surprised to discover that their literary training does provide them with the rubrics to evaluate projects they might not have “assigned,” such as brochures or posters. And the technology is not a problem or a privilege. Every teacher does not have to have the technical expertise of a Scott Warnock or Dan Driscoll anymore than having had to write the text book to use it. I am indebted to many team mates who did not participate in the presentation but who have contributed to the ideas and the technological development of English Alive: Ken Bingham, Robert Finegan, Valerie Fox, Andrew McCann, Christine Qualitieri and Robert Watts
Valarie Arms, Drexel University, at 1:55 pm EST on November 19, 2007
Sorry, folks, I think this is all wrong. The students can write about anything in any format on their own time. I want them to be able to follow instructions when they come to upper-level courses and understand that there are times to format and use formal language. After first-year English here they think it’s all emote and about them, not about a form and a style of addressing (for example) literature. Why not have the first-year courses help them format their papers in other courses correctly and understand the differences in approach between different fields of study, and ultimately, work?
LM, at 6:35 pm EST on November 19, 2007
Because, eventually LM, even in American education, what you know will begin to trump arbitrary formatting... as it does everywhere else in the world. And even in the rare cases where it does not, “teachers” will learn that students learn to write by writing. And they get real practice writing by writing what matters to them, in ways that communicate with real audiences.
Ira Socol, Michigan State University, at 11:45 pm EST on November 19, 2007
LM,What you suggest implies that a freshman writing course can prepare students to write for all courses, but WAC shows that writing in various majors should be course-specific. We can help students become better writers, but as they advance, they will need to learn the specifics of writing in their major by taking coursework in their major. It’s not the job of a composition instructor to teach how to write in all fields — this is not even possible.
JD, at 10:20 am EST on November 20, 2007
While the class described sounds fun and exciting for the students, I do not believe it prepares them for what they will encounter as they further their education. Because of that, it does the students a grave disservice.
Many of us English teachers gripe about writing across the curriculum (meaning that other classes aren’t reinforcing writing skills), but the program describes shows that, as Pogo said, we have met the enemy and he is us. How does such a program for first-year students help them when their Psych or History professor assigns a formal essay or research paper (which precludes first- and second-person, and which must be supported with empirical data to support student-synthesized ideas)? We blame other departments for accepting poor writing skills — but then we congratulate ourselves for teaching them only to “find their inner writer” or some such nonsense. Those things are great once the student has learned the basics of structure, rhetoric, grammar, punctuation, etc. etc. — but they are deadly when it comes to writing across the curriculum. How are we helping students when we tell them, in a formal writing class — that poor grammar and emoticons are acceptible in an academic setting?
It’s time we changed our approach. There is nothing wrong with teaching the fundamental discipline of writing.
Mickey Kessler, Chair, Liberal Arts at Washington State Community College, at 9:25 am EST on November 21, 2007
I am very interested in learning more about the ways you present this course. It sounds like a wonderful way to introduce writing across the curriculum which is a major thrust in schools today that has lots of talk but not much action...
kristina kostopoulos, teacher, at 10:15 am EST on November 21, 2007
Thanks to all for the enthusiastic responses. Of course, we strongly agree with the WAC advocates above. I also want to clarify the writing and communications goals of the course. One respondent above says, “I want [students] to be able to follow instructions […] and understand that there are times to format and use formal language.” Another says, “There is nothing wrong with teaching the fundamental discipline of writing.” Our projects allowed for creativity, but they were indeed structured—all part of Valarie’s initial conception of English Alive.
For example, one project asked students to research a technology in a profession of interest to them (by going to that workplace in Philadelphia). They took on the role of a member of a Science and Technology Administration (a mythical FDA-like government entity invented by Jason Ohler), and the final product was a report memo “white paper”: certainly a challenging and “real” format of communications.
Also, the use of informal digital writing environments like message boards provides students with the ability, simply put, to write a lot in the course. Thus, the instructors had a tremendous amount of raw writing material to use to help students talk about audience, purpose, and, yes, the fundamental nuts and bolts of their writing. I think the keys were our efforts to create project with relevance and authentic experience, but that did not mean an unstructured, anything-goes environment. Ira Socol puts it superbly: “And they get real practice writing by writing what matters to them, in ways that communicate with real audiences.”
Scott Warnock, Assistant Prof English at Drexel, at 3:55 pm EST on November 21, 2007
So why is the program on the shelf this semester? What concerns/problems caused this decision by your administrators?
P. Ellington, at 1:05 pm EST on November 26, 2007
I was fortunate to be part of the team working under Dr. Valarie Arms that used the English Alive approach last year. I’m still using that approach in my classes this year. Our approach, I believe, will be increasingly deployed by colleges and universities across the land. Many businesses, including many elite consulting firms, already use a multi-media approach, in their communication. Just to reassure some of the people who might think this approach is strange: 1.) We have weekly online writing assignments, where students respond to articles and essays and stories and books in traditional writing form. They get a lot of traditional writing practice. 2.) Rest assured: I have never had a student use an emoticon in a project. 3.) Students aren’t allowed to just write about “anything.” Rather, I do as my graduate school professors did. They allowed us to write on anything of interest as long as it connected to the course and the course readings! And the “further out” their approach, the more I require my students to get my approval of topic and approach ahead of time. 4.) To present on example of a project that combines traditional writing with the ALIVE approach, I had several students who created their own soundtracks for particular readings, including “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin and the book, “Black Hawk Down” by Mark Bowden. Yes, they handed me CD’s with music on it that I listened to ... now here’s the second part: I required a two to four page essay justifying and explaining their music choices. And if the writing was sloppy or unclear or awkward, I penalized them. But I got some amazingly interesting work. 5.) I also got some amazingly well done posters with lots of primary research. I had design students that created truly spectacular poster work. And yes they included an essay justifying and explaining their design. 6.) I do not know why Drexel placed our program on hold. But as a full-time writing instructor, I’m using the ALIVE approach right as much as I can right now. For term 1 (we’re on a quarter system at Drexel), I tend to be more conservative, wanting to help the students absorb some of the basic etiquette and requirements of college and professional writing. But I’m already asking students to include photos with assignments that require them to go out into the city to attend a concert or play or sit in park for two hours and observe and record everything that happens around them. 7.) Final point: there is something about asking this generation of students to include a visual element that really prompts better writing. 8.) I realize not everyone sees the merit of this approach. I think it’s well aligned with the communication is evolving in the professional world and certainly on the web. Just check out the long articles/projects done by the New York Times.
Robert Watts, English Alive at Drexel University, at 5:40 am EST on November 27, 2007
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Digital Writing Across the Curriculum
The importance of a program like Drexel’s goes beyond the freshman year.
Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) has been important, among other reasons, because writing is the lifeblood of the curriculum. The better a student can write, the more options all faculty have for teaching that student and assessing learning. So every department has a stake in helping students master traditional academic formats such as text essays and term papers.
The kinds of writing in the Drexel Program offer many more options for faculty in all departments to teach and assess their students.
To mention just a few examples, students can become more engaged in writing when the projects are online and visible to a larger audience, when the students can use nonlinear and interactive structures for academic discourse, and when students can incorporate and annotate video clips as part of an essay.
For more examples of how faculty in many departments are taking advantage of (and developing) digital writing across the curriculum, see http://www.tltgroup.org/resources/gx/Digital-WAC.htm
Please send me more examples at ehrmann@tltgroup.org. Thanks!
Steve Ehrmann, The TLT Group, at 8:20 am EST on November 19, 2007