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Ghettoized Poli Sci Textbooks

For many college students, an introductory survey course may be their only exposure to a discipline — and in many courses, a textbook may serve as the guide. With that in mind, a committee of political scientists set out to see how how black people are portrayed in the introductory textbooks used in their discipline — and the results left them concerned.

The textbooks reviewed do feature discussion of black people and issues that affected them, but the most in-depth coverage is typically in a chapter on the civil rights movement, or sometimes civil liberties generally, found a study by the American Political Science Association’s Standing Committee on the Status of Blacks in the Profession. The study appears in the new issue of PS: Political Science & Politics.

The committee reviewed 27 textbooks used in intro courses, and published or in circulation (in many cases as updated editions of previously issued versions) from 2004 to 2007. Of those texts, 74 percent had a chapter on civil rights, 19 percent combine civil rights and civil liberties, and 7 percent had no specific chapter. For those books with a civil rights chapter, the average number of pages with references to black issues outside of that chapter is 13 — not a large number on books that averaged 569 pages.

“Our analysis reveals that African Americans’ active participation in America’s political development has been treated as a separate entity from the rest of the country’s development.... [T]extbooks do not discuss African Americans as active agents (if at all) until the civil rights movement, when they are discussed as collective ‘recipients’ of government action,” says a report on the study by Sherri L. Wallace, an associate professor at the University of Louisville, and Marcus D. Allen, an assistant professor at Wheaton College, in Massachusetts.

In part, the study attributes the relative absence of black people from the texts as reflecting a larger bias in the discipline, in favor of powerful government institutions over less officially powerful (but in many cases extremely important) social movements. “Because political science as a discipline typically studies institutions and elites as decision-makers, it thereby largely ignores the presence and questions of African-American politics,” the report says. One example from the study: If you are searching for an image of a black woman in one of these texts, the person you are most likely to find is Condoleezza Rice.

The report offers several “new frames” that textbooks should consider adding:

  • The evolution of political parties’ views on slavery.
  • A focus on “race and racial issues in a global context,” noting the interactions among various racial and ethnic groups.
  • Using “the lens of race and ethnicity” more in consideration of political issues.
  • Citing more work by black scholars.

In the study, the committee identifies one textbook — American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights — as having “the most comprehensive and integrated” exploration of black people and topics. Notably, this was one of the texts without a separate civil rights chapter, because the authors wrote that they viewed those topics as too important to isolate in a single part of the book. The APSA study notes that this textbook was only published once, while many others are published in new editions all the time.

Scott Jaschik

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Comments

This is not very surprising. The same seems to be true of U.S. History textbooks as well. I would add that women’s history gets covered in much the same way — i.e. women’s suffrage, women’s liberation, etc., but not as part of the larger landscape of U.S. history.

Heather Munro Prescott, Professor of History at Central CT State University, at 8:05 am EST on January 25, 2008

Race in Texts

Our experience mirrors that of the writer praised in the last paragraph of the story. Although not in Poli Sci, our text integrated race and gender throughout the book (everyone in my field talks about class), making it an integral part of most chapters. We were trashed by the internal reviewers, who demanded that we pull the material out and ghettoize it, including by our minority reviewers. We refused to do a second edition. Other text authors have published articles (e.g., Joe Feagan at Florida) on the enormous pressure on intro book authors to make their books look exactly like everyone else.

Author, at 8:35 am EST on January 25, 2008

I am not surprised at the invisibility of African Americans in our introductory courses and text books. I knew when I was an undergrad. that it was to be expected. Reading about the lack of change since my years in college (1997-2001) confirms that I made an excellent decision by chosing African American Studies as one of my majors. The courses were so rich and in depth and I know there is still so much out there. It’s a shame very few will ever know or even have an interest in exploring...

Nic, at 9:55 am EST on January 25, 2008

blacks in textbooks

I wrote an American government textbook published my two major publishers some decades back. Many of the decisions regarding what to cover, including a chapter on blacks, was strongly suggested by the marketing people. Sort of, “if you want to sell, you’ll need a chapter on,,,,” My sense is that this remains valid—space allocations reflect market considerations, not some Platonic reality. My own inclination was to integrate blacks into the text, giving more attention here, less attention there, but this is not what would sell books. I also suspect that many who teach this Introductory course want this special focus, and given the competition, the lack of a separate chapter would be interpreted as a slight, and thus the book would not get adopted. The ideology of the professor assigning the book, not the author is decisive, in my estimation.

Bob Weissberg, at 9:55 am EST on January 25, 2008

RE: The Title of This Article

The content of this article is certainly thought-provoking, however, the title of this article, is not only offensive, but does not even provide insight into what this article is about. MY suggestion, refrain from offensive titles.

Veronica Timbers, at 9:55 am EST on January 25, 2008

Re: Ghettoized Poli Sci Textbooks

Let me get this straight. Are they saying to eliminate chapters on civil rights, for the sake of “integrating” blacks into the rest of the text? How about we approach this like Dr. King — colorblind — and just include whoever needs to be included based on what topic or issue is being looked at right at that time. Red or yellow, black or white; Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, atheist, whatever; just put the dang information in the text book, at the appropriate time and place.

Here are the facts: It doesn’t matter what the textbook says. What is taught in the class will be reflective of the instructor’s presuppositions, biases and ideologies. Period.

B, at 10:40 am EST on January 25, 2008

How to get out of the ghetto

Step 1: Abandon the idea that issues can be divided into those that concern blacks and those that don’t. And while you’re at it, rethink the notion that if a discussion doesn’t feature a person identified as black, then the discussion has no relevance to blacks.

Prof. Challenge, at 11:15 am EST on January 25, 2008

The findings aren’t suprising. I don’t think we need a study of any sorts to reinforce the fact that, throughout the landscape, we’ve remained invisible. Simply talk to many Black folks in America. We’ve remained an inconvenient truth. Now what happens when information is made known to the masses is the key. And what’s up with the title? To equate Black folks with ghettos is highly offensive. If you wanted to capture the attention of readers, I’m sure you could have come up with something a bit more clever.

Jennifer, And the Title Says What...., at 11:15 am EST on January 25, 2008

The best treatment of history and allied fields is to be found not in texts that are subject to “review” by special interest cadre, but in books in the “popular” realm. For example, compare any history text and the book “1491″. Or a history book and “Son of the Morning Star” about Custer.

Until people give up trying to massage truth to achieve political, social, economic or presonal ends, liberal arts texts are doomed to inaccuracy.

Why is anyone surprised?

Bob Avakian, at 1:15 pm EST on January 25, 2008

Ghettoized Pol Sci Textbooks

I am the co- author of the non-ghettoized textbook, Balancing Democracy and Rights, mentioned at the end of the article. I am happy to say that the book is now in a new edition with a different publisher, Cambridge U. Press. I would like to encourage all those who object to limiting discussion of race in America to single chapter obtain a copy of Landy/Milkis from Cambridge. We are deeply committed to giving full consideration to questions of race throughout the book. If you teach an intro American course you can obtain a free copy by emailing Jamie Zuccaro at jzuccaro@cambridge.org

Marc Landy, Professor at Boston College, at 2:10 pm EST on January 25, 2008

Black History Fading in Textbooks

I think if the book is about history, then it should include the impact and contributions of african-americans throughout history. Not to discount other races, but by far slavery was longer and more inclusive of an entire race than any other single era in american history, and should be noted as such and not compartmentalized into a chapter. So then when civil rights are discussed, so too should the african-american experience be included, but as a focal point and not a parallel because of what has happened prior to and because it was started by us...not asians, hispanics, italian immigrants, native americans, etc.

And the title, yeah, not indicative of the article content at all. Since no one provided insight as to why, I will say in my opinion the title implies textbooks written in slang or some other hip talk variation to accommodate those that talk that way. “Yo, Chris Columbus and them was sailin’, right?” The content of the article is...well, this isn’t a class discussion, you get my point. Put a little more thought into your titles next time please. Thanks

John Riddick, administrator at North Carolina Central University, at 2:45 pm EST on January 25, 2008

Poly Sci Texts and Race

Political science is a discipline concerned with the explication of political behavior and its consequences.The factors which influence behavior are culture,political institutions,religion the socialization process and the process of evolution by natural selection. (Please know that all such concepts are interwoven and we label them to help organize thought processes.)

Evolution is the missing link in our field.We have been stuck with moderate to low correlation coefficients for decades and will be until we avail ourselves to the revolutionary discoveries of evolutionary theory. Otherwise among innumerable other common nonsense conclusions we will attribute things like higher rates of early onset heart disease,strokes,and diabetes among African Americans soley to racism induced stress and poverty while totally overlooking the fact that West Africans long ago developed salt retention genes as their environment was lacking in that important nutrient and when they were dragged to the “New World” salt was everywhere.My opening class sessions always began with my definition: “Politics is the pursuit of fitness by various means.”

Tom P. in Kona

tom payette, Pol. Sci Prof retired at HFCC, at 4:10 pm EST on January 25, 2008

I think the title of this article works perfectly if you understand that a ghetto is an area in which members of a certain ethnic group are forced to live. It’s like the textbook with the special chapter. Get it?

Ken Gattis, at 5:30 pm EST on January 25, 2008

GHETTOIZED POLI SCI TEXTBOOKS

I would like to say what is the purpose of the title of the book? I take offense to it because once again your mention the BLACK race and what comes to mind is “GHETTO". I find it hard to believe that there wasn’t a more appropriate title that could have been used to get your point a cross and portray African Americans in a more positive light. We are trying to put avross the positiveness of blacks contribution to the world and there are far more than we’ve been acknowledge for, but a title such as that once again"to me” only characterizes a particular lifestyle.Some of us were blessed not to have been born or raised in the ghetto, and that not putting down our brothers if they were. You can live in the ghetto without being apart of the enviroment. Maybe next time when trying to get a point across rethink the title something that will glamourize and uplift so to encourage people to take notice of POSITIVE, contributions from African Americans.

vickie brown, at 7:35 am EST on January 26, 2008

Full Circle

It appears we have come full circle from when ethnic studies departments were created to study different groups in isolation, and those who wanted their study incorporated instead into general history, political science etc. were attacked as racists.

Kevin, Undergraduate, at 4:15 am EST on February 5, 2008

Ghettoized Pol Sci Textbooks

Perhaps the problem is in the preparation of political scientists. How much historical depth and diversity is offered? Is the operating assumption that only a few Europeans made politics a science while the rest of the world blundered through the creation of three- and four-thousand year old polities? Is the other assumption that the black and white television world of 1957 accurately reflects American political history? Does anyone mention the legislation drafted by persons of color and of different genders? Or that African Americans with property in New York and other New England states had voting rights in the early nineteenth century? My reference point is the introductory course I took as an undergraduate during the Reagan era in Washington, DC. What do other experience?

Marsha R. Robinson, Assistant Professor at Otterbein College, at 2:30 pm EST on February 6, 2008

Rigorous scholarship is inclusive

I once heard a lecture by Ron Takaki, sociology and ethnic studies professor from UC Berkeley. In his talk, he said that rather than merely advocate for why ethnic studies was important he would demonstrate it. He took about 20 minutes to analyze the comparative immigrant experiences of the Irish and Chinese to the US and for good measure emphasized political economy and a look at gender. He ended up covering British imperialism in Ireland and China; the political causes of the Irish famines and the impact on women cause by British imposed changes of the Irish economy; racism, sexism, and US immigration policy; the connection between the US cotton industry, invention of the cotton gin, slavery, and textile mills that employed young Irish women; the connection between cotton, slavery, western expansion, pushing native americans off their lands, and the trail of tears; the connection between Manifest Destiny, transcontinental railroads and the use of Chinese and Irish labor.

When he finished, he challenged anyone to argue how paying attention to race and gender diminished the analysis. Takaki made the point that if anyone tried to cover all of those issues and dynamics and were not paying attention to race and gender, then it was they who were not engaging in truly rigorous scholarship.

Likewise, how could a political scientist possibly cover a topic such as the evolution of American political parties without incorporating the role of African Americans throughout?

William j, at 1:00 pm EST on February 7, 2008

Scholarship as political activism

This reminds me of the books about “how the Irish saved the world” or “how Shakespeare created the world". Now it is “how blacks made America". I suppose every special interest group will want to rewrite history to show that they are the central theme, just as the Berkeley prof of “ethnic studies” mentioned wants to put ethnicity at the center of everything. The liberal arts are indeed in a sorry state when scholarship becomes a victim of political activism. No wonder so few academics are read by the popular reader.

Bruce Gilley, Assistant Professor at Portland State University, at 9:00 am EDT on April 13, 2008

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