News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Jan. 28
For experts on the undergraduate curriculum and student life, two areas of focus in recent years have been the first-year experience and civic engagement. While frequently talked about in separate conversations, speakers at the annual meeting of the Association of American Colleges and Universities Saturday said that combining these two efforts made them both more successful.
And by successful, they stressed that they weren’t just talking about economies of scale, but mission. Martha LaBare, associate professor of English at Bloomfield College, in New Jersey, said that it is too easy for freshman programs to turn into “watching the bottom line” by focusing just on keeping the bodies enrolled (and presumably paying tuition). The civic engagement piece makes these programs about more than retention — but about learning, too, she said.
LaBare is editor of First-Year Civic Engagement: Sound Foundations for College, Citizenship and Democracy, which is forthcoming from The New York Times and the National Resource Center for the First Year Experience and Students in Transition, which — like the session at the AAC&U meeting — is based on the idea that these approaches deserve a wider audience.
The programs described Saturday vary widely, but generally involve a mix of traditional, in-class learning with work off campus, and lots of intense discussions.
For example, George Mason University’s New Century College is a program that allows freshmen to take a series of demanding courses that fulfill most of their general education requirements through broad explorations of issues. Andrew Wingfield, an assistant professor in the program, described the “Self as Citizen” course, in which students meet for four hours a day, Monday through Thursday.
During the morning sessions, the focus is on texts, starting with foundational documents of the United States (the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, for example) and moving to philosophers who contributed to American ideals of citizenship (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau), thinkers who wrote about the development of these ideas in the United States (Tocqueville) and then a range of poems, novels and other writings from the 19th and 20th centuries.
The overarching idea, Wingfield said, is to give students the ability to explore “the big questions” about citizenship and society, such as asking which ideas have had the most influence and why, or how citizens can create change in their societies.
The afternoon time each day is spent in a series of more hands-on activities. One assignment is called “Practicing Citizenship” in which the students work in groups to develop a peer advocacy campaign on an issue of their choice. Another assignment has students pick one of the national monuments in Washington (George Mason is in the Virginia suburbs just outside the city) and conduct a “rhetorical analysis” of the meaning of the architecture, sculpture and words in constructing “national memory.” Wingfield said a particularly popular assignment is called “citizens of the watershed,” in which class time is devoted to reading literature about “sense of place” in defining citizenship and the students then break up into groups to remove trash from two streams that run through the campus.
The students want — literally, he said — to get their hands dirty, and they come up with various contests, such as the most unusual piece of trash they can remove. “This is giving them a chance to walk the walk,” he said.
Other programs discussed are designed in different ways. At Franklin Pierce University, in New Hampshire, faculty members responded to a series of racial incidents a decade ago by developing a program of “structured conversations” to take place in classes and outside them about issues of race, gender and ethnicity, among other topics. Faculty and students have been trained to lead the discussions. Joni Doherty, director of Franklin Pierce’s New England Center for Civic Life, said that over the years, a view has evolved that it is important to give current students the chance to define the topics for conversation. Of late, they have focused on issues of alcohol and sex. Doherty said that the important thing is not how the conversations start, but that the students learn how to have honest, difficult conversations about important issues.
While many of the programs relate broadly to society and are based in humanities or social science departments, some are not. Pace University’s computer science department, for example, has developed a course called “Intergenerational Computing,” in which students learn about the sociology of aging and teaching skills. Then they are assigned to go to assisted living centers and nursing homes to teach older people how to use the Internet and e-mail.
Some of the discussion concerned the need to be sure that off-campus experiences have some structure and aren’t just a matter of looking for some charitable organization to help. A general theme was that “service learning” can be either meaningful or not, depending on how it is organized. One sign of the effort to promote structure and coherence to these efforts is a new book, Service Learning Companion, just published by Houghton Mifflin. One idea in the book is that students need time to think about what they are going to do, and how it went.
Roxanne Moayedi, associate professor of sociology at Trinity University, in Washington, spoke about applying these principles to first year civic engagement at her institution. When the program was started, students found their own projects, and they didn’t get much out of them. Nor did professors see the point, Moayedi said. Now, faculty members help select the programs, the projects relate to courses, students perform their service in teams, and the social service agencies that make use of the Trinity students also visit the campus.
Moayedi said that it was important to show students and faculty members that this isn’t just about feeling good, but about substance. Students prepare posters about lessons they have learned from the experience, present their findings, and receptions are held for discussions with professors and community group leaders. Moayedi said that Trinity’s president, Patricia A. McGuire, makes it a point to attend these events, and in so doing sends a message to the campus about their importance.
Do they influence student behavior over the long run? Moayedi noted that Trinity’s student body is overwhelmingly low-income and minority (a demographic not known for high voting rates) and yet on the National Survey of Student Engagement, Trinity students show both high rates of participating in service learning and in voting in state and national elections. “And I think that’s fantastic,” said Moayedi.
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We encourage you to also consider instituting at your school the FIRST YEAR PLEDGE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, ECONOMIC STRENGTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY, a just starting complement to the long running Graduation Pledge of Social and Environmental Resoponsibility(www.graduationpledge.org):
I pledge that during my years in higher education I will explore and take into account the social, economic, and environmental consequences of my behavior and that of my institution. I will learn about issues of environmentalism, social justice, and economic strength, and will try to promote a sustainable and just society both at my institution and in the wider world.
The goal of the First Year Pledge is to promote social justice, environmental health, and economic growth in first-year college students in hopes of teaching and inspiring them to do more, to learn more, and to take initiative for themselves.
This complementary effort is a project of the American College Personnel Association (ACPA): College Student Educators International. See www.myacpa.org/task-force/sustainability. For further information regarding the First Year Pledge, please contact Dr. Boyd Yarbrough at boyd.yarbrough@furman.edu
neil wollman, senior Fellow at Bentley College, at 9:16 am EST on January 28, 2008
Scott: great job. Expect another score of colleges will look for ways ti provide better civic service and academic learning. I do wish you had picked an example of college students tutoring 3rd and 4th grade pupils who have failed to learn to read. In nearly every class of 30, some 3 to 4 kids aren’t taught correctly; that is, for them. When tutoring takes place a life is refreshed, and the tutor provides the kind of citizen Thos. Jefferson sought.
A text to help from Rowman & Littlefield: A RECIPE BOOK FOR TUTORS: TEACHING THE KINESTHETIC LEARNER
Cynthia Parsons, at 9:30 am EST on January 28, 2008
Clarion University has recently initiated an experimental class entitled Student Service and Civic Engagement. Running a model suggested by the work of Jerry Eisman and the American Democracy Project, this course is attempting to achieve the goals of enhanced understanding/involvement of democratic engagemant and student retention. In a nutshell the model includes: research & writing, project implementation, evaluation/assessment of outcomes, and celebration/recognition of accomplishment(s). I hope to be able to report succesful outcomes for both our community and our students at the conclusion of this experimental semester. For a copy of the syllabus or to further this conversation, please email me at ggoodman@clarion.edu
Greg S. Goodman, Clarion University, at 12:25 pm EST on January 28, 2008
While Service Learning / Civic Engagement (SL / CE) may work for university students it is not the case for all college students. For example, community college students who have full-time jobs and/or are single parents. Service Learning was adopted at our community college; however, through qualitative data compiled we found this course (SL) did not fit many of our students’ needs. In fact, some students reported dropping out of these courses because they could not attend the required Service Learning or Civic Engagement assignments. For example, an employed student reported, “I barely have time to take a class much less attend something (SL) outside my class time so I just dropped it.” A single mother reported, “I don’t have time or the money to attend the stupid play that is required for my class. I have to kids to pick up after school and my time is needed to help them with their homework, not go to a stupid play.”
I say the above because as soon as something is written in articles such as Inside Higher Ed administrators quickly rush to adopt the next new fad to increase student retention, without regard to their individual student body needs.
Garcia, at 2:35 pm EST on January 28, 2008
An experimental and but highly successful “curriculum development track” took place during the 2008 Association for General and Liberal Studies meeting. Over 30 people participated in one or more of the sessions in the track titled “Civic Engagement, General Education, and Interdisciplinary Curricular Development.”
This interactive pre-conference workshop—followed by linked concurrent sessions—models effective practices for interdisciplinary curriculum development ... to promote civic engagement. To stimulate student engagement in and comprehension of the pending 2008 presidential election, this conference track celebrates the 75th anniversary of FDR’s 1933 inauguration.
For more information seewww.bsu.edu/web/agls
Susan Feiner, USM and AGLS, at 3:10 pm EST on January 28, 2008
I have to wonder why the comments don’t show more skepticism about this.
Picking up trash from a stream might be a legitimate public service, but don’t confuse it with education. Having students break up into groups to engage in issue advocacy is a great way of stifling dissent. Having them make posters of what they did might be fine if all we’re concerned about is an art project, but not if you have some other educational purpose in mind.
And then there’s the first year pledge to social justice. Social justice is what, exactly? Some people think it’s Marxism. Others think it’s the Second Amendment and a lower capital gains tax rate. If you don’t define “social justice", then what’s the point of having the pledge? If you do define it, then you’re demanding ideological conformity.
Maybe there are some 18 and 19 year olds who are enthusiastic about “civic engagement", but I suspect there are many who are wondering whether this is simply a gimmick so that their professors get to do less teaching.
AYY, at 4:05 am EST on January 29, 2008
In partial response to AYY, I agree that we should be skeptical about things we encounter for the first time, especially if those encounters are not wholly positive. With service-learning, I was skeptical myself the first time I heard about it. Indeed, the first couple of times I incorporated it into my course, I did a poor job of making it educational for my students. I was guilty of not putting much effort into that aspect of the course and I do not think it was terribly helpful to my students. After doing some research, attending workshops, and working hard to do it properly, though, I have seen it become a transformative learning experience for my students.
I currently use service learning in a very limited way to enhance, not take over, the course in which I use it. Students who actually get a chance to test the theory in practice better understand the theory and better understand why they are studying in college in the first place. We have to remember that the educational process is a means to an end and not the end itself, and if students can get a glimpse of the theory in practice, the theory usually makes more sense and actually becomes meaningful.
At Stetson, we have just instituted a first-year seminar class for our incoming Bonner Scholar students (students who receive scholarship funds in exchange for agreeing to ten hours per week of community service). We wanted to put an academic anchor to their service so that their community engagement does become educational and not simply perfunctory. We focus on issues of poverty and social justice as well as on how individuals and communities affect each other. We do not define “social justice” for them but rather explore the concept through texts such as Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Reinhold Niebuhr’s Moral Man and Immoral Society, Langdon Gilkey’s Shantung Compound, Gloria Naylor’s Mama Day, and Alex Kotlowitz’s There Are No Children Here. As part of my class, students are required to spend an hour a week in a Title I elementary school working with a child who is behind in reading skills. The great majority of these children come from low-income families or families whose primary language is not English. My students get an introduction to the realities of our community by developing a relationship with their children and learn that some kids do not have the same advantages as others when it comes to education and, therefore, “upward mobility.” Though the results are preliminary (but intially promising) here at Stetson, I have seen my students at a previous institution transformed through the experience of reading theory and experiencing reality together.
We are currently in the process of reforming our curriculum and course structure at Stetson to make room for more in-depth engagement of material for our students. We expect that one way for the additional engagement to take place will be through experiential learning including service-learning and community-based research courses. We are also having preliminary discussions about instituting a certificate program in community engagement.
While service-learning can be weak (in the same way that some professors offer the same, tired lectures year after year without putting any effort into that more traditional form of “teaching"), service-learning done well usually takes much more work than more traditional pedagogical methods. I will be the first to agree that service-learning may not be appropriate for all courses or even all instructors, but all of our students will leave us to become members of their communities, and my hope is that we will have prepared them well to be contributing members of their communities. Using the right amount of community engagement to enhance the academic theory can be a highly effective means to acheive that goal.
Greg Sapp, Hal S. Marchman Chair of Civic and Social Responsibility at Stetson University, at 10:20 am EST on January 29, 2008
This book and its hands-on projects for students, as well as helpful tips for the instructor looks very helpful. At Occidental College we have a series of very exciting first-year classes integrating classroom education with community projects, and I am happy to be able to share this new resource with our faculty. Many of our faculty are still trying this pedagogy for the first time, and we are all learning from it.
From the description of the book, (I haven’t bought it yet), however, it doesn’t seem like there are voices from the community, to give the students a bit of reality check in connecting their classroom and text learning with community service, and how community partners view the experience. If there is one aspect of Service-Learning (we call it Community Based Learning) that has become the central element at Occidental, it would be that we place a major emphasis in reciprocity and mutuality in creating Community Based Learning classes, research and projects. We find that this contributes to the creation of partnerships that result in a combination of learning for students, specific benefits for community partners, professional development for faculty, and community relations for the institution.
It’s never too early to include the role of all stakeholders in the education of our students, as they learn about their role as active, socially responsible citizens.
Maria Avila, Director, Center for Community Based Learning at Occidental College, at 12:05 pm EST on January 30, 2008
I remember a time when civic engagement was not just something you could “opt” for in college, it was simply a part of the culture of being a college student. Yes, there is a vast difference between community colleges and residential colleges in this area, and there may even be differences between traditional and non-traditional aged students; but we have a certain responsibility as college administrators to present the opportunity for civic engagement through our class offerings and our cultural events on campus. Encouraginig students to be civic minded is more than just a curriculum “idea” but should be basic to our desire to promote divergent learning.
MTK, Director of Admissions at Finlandia University, at 3:15 pm EST on February 1, 2008
Too much of experimental higher education is really an attempt for students to feel good about themselves. What they should feel is humility in the presence of great ideas. They should think constantly and critically about what are the best ideas, the ones which have stood the test of time, regardless of source, race or gender.Then, and only then, will college graduates be equipped to go out and lead a useful life for themselves and others.
David F. Reynolds, at 2:50 pm EST on February 5, 2008
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Civic Engagement in Higher Ed.
Scott — This is the type of project that makes me want to stand on my chair and bang my keyboard against the monitor in applause for LaBare and Hunter’s work. It also complements what Ed Zlotkowski, Barbara Holland, Wes Creel and others are doing in the Beyond the Books project, i.e., Guide to Service-Learning Colleges and Universities. Ed Z. has edited around 30 volumes in the series on service learning by the former AAHE (and, BTW, is a fantastic speaker for faculty groups). Also, the First-Year Civic Engagement project seems to echo what we’re learning from research and reflections surfacing from varied corners, e.g., The Schooled Heart, Educating for Democracy, Big Questions, Worthy Dreams, Putting Students First, Why I Teach, On Teaching and Learning, Soul Searching, HERI’s recent research, and Maryellen Weimer’s very helpful Enhancing Scholarly Work on Teaching and Learning (JB). It’s been a while since Hutchins led the charge of the Great Books movement, but I suppose that LaBare and Hunter’s work will prompt many to look anew, but to do so with a new application, literally. Thanks for bringing this project to the nation’s attention. JP
Jerry Pattengale, AVP for Scholarship & Grants at IWU, at 8:00 am EST on January 28, 2008