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A Mental Health and Public Safety Primer

In the grand scheme of the American Psychiatric Association’s six-day annual meeting at Washington’s massive downtown convention center, one three-hour session inside a subdivided meeting room is small in relative significance and scope.

But in another sense, a gathering of roughly 100 conference participants to talk solely about mental health and public safety as they relate to higher education is notable, given the number of ways to come at issues in the field.

During a session Monday called “The Social Responsibility of Universities for the Mental Health of Students and Community Safety,” a panel lined with professors provided an overview of the themes that often appear in this space — substance abuse, suicide, privacy law, campus violence. The audience appeared quite familiar with the topics. Everyone who identified him or herself before asking a question was associated with academe in one way or another.

Steven S. Sharfstein, chair of the symposium and past president of the APA, said it was the first time that the association featured this type of lengthy discussion about how colleges are dealing with issues of mental health and public safety. He said that since the shootings at Virginia Tech, people in his field from both inside and outside the academy are thirsty for such a session.

“On the whole question of mental health, we wanted to present the different perspectives of students, professors, administrators and clinicians,” Sharfstein said.

Several speakers said that campus counseling centers remain overwhelmed and often underfunded, and aren’t able to provide the type of services that those in the field would like to see offered.

“The resources are not keeping up,” said Jerald Kay, chair of the APA’s committee on college mental health and chair of psychology at Wright State University’s School of Medicine. “We have a broad variability in terms of the role we play, and it speaks to a major public health need.”

The session featured much talk about the often differing interests of students and administrators when it comes to mental health cases. Paul S. Appelbaum, a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University, said it’s his impression that student suicides that occur on campus tend to be forever linked to the university in the public consciousness, whereas deaths that take place while the student is home on break don’t carry that connection. Colleges are inherently fearful of liability, he said, which helps explain why their policies often favor keeping troubled students away from campus.

Appelbaum said mandatory leave policies for students suffering from mental illness are typically ineffective, because they take the students away from their support system and often their treatment, and can permanently damage self esteem. “It’s a sense that ‘I’ve failed, and home can be even more stressful,’ ” he said.

The threat of suspension can also cause a chilling effect on campus, where students are afraid to share information about their or their friends’ mental health. Appelbaum said the safest approach is for colleges not to make blanket policies but to handle students on a case by case basis.

Presenters also noted the challenges administrators face in interpreting federal privacy legislation and case law. Others said that parents and students need to be more involved in discussions about how campuses set their policies on how to deal with troubled students.

Alison Malmon, a University of Pennsylvania graduate who started the nonprofit group Active Minds, which is dedicated to raising awareness of mental health issues on campuses, said she’s been astounded how few students either elect to or are asked to participate in formal conversations on campus about mental health.

Malmon said it’s important for students to connect with peers who are facing similar mental health problems. Kay said graduate students also need to be part of the conversation. They often have a higher risk of suicide than undergraduates, given that the former students tend to have more demanding academic studies, a less formally structured and supervised environment, and more financial stress.

The public safety conservation largely focused on gun violence. Responding to a suggestion that it’s OK for colleges to ban firearms from campus, several people in the audience applauded loudly.

Gary Pavela, director of judicial programs at the University of Maryland at College Park and editor of Synthesis: Law and Policy in Higher Education, said that people in higher education should think about how to create an atmosphere where students and administrators feel like they can talk to one another.

“The lessons aren’t about how to put new locks on doors or institute a new whistle system,” he said. “One of the main challenges we’re facing is that administrators who are fearful of students are disengaging. Everything we’ve learned says we should be doing the opposite.”

Elia Powers

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Comments

We should have more of these conferences, regarding mental health issues on college campuses.

Thank you very much.

John Najar Adjunct Instructor Brookdale and Communiversity Lincroft, New Jersey

John Najar, Adjunct Instructor at Brookdale Community College, at 10:05 am EDT on May 6, 2008

Is this Public Safety Primer necessary?

It would have been helpful had the article cited even one smidgen of evidence that the issues at hand—suicide, violence, mental health problems, etc.—are disproportionately in evidence on college campuses, or, a possible alternative view, that they ought to be disproportionately smaller than in the general population’s similar age groups.

As it is, I don’t know whether the article is about a media-generated non-issue being exploited—not necessarily out of cynicism, but from a sense of being in the spotlight and needing to take that opportunity—by professionals in related fields like mental health and security.

I don’t know, and I daresay I’m not alone. So, how do rates of whatever this Primer was about (suicide, violence, etc.) compare to rates for the same age groups in the general population? More suicide among students than non-students? More violence? More drugs? If not, then on what basis should we presume that these rates *ought* to be lower in college student populations?

Rod Bell, Adjunct Professor at College of DuPage, at 10:55 am EDT on May 6, 2008

Mental Illness and ADA

Sounds like a necessary dialogue that needs to continue on every campus and in every public place.

What I would like to see is a discussion linking mental illness to disabilities and the ADA. My hunch is if we look at that angle, we are going to see some new mandates and enforcement of some older ones. Living in VA, I’m keenly aware of our rank in the country: 48th in upholding the rights of the disabled. Consider the VA Tech shootings in relationship to that statistic and it becomes apparent that something needs to change soon.

kgotthardt, at 7:45 am EDT on May 7, 2008

I really enjoyed reading this article, it was very intersting and appealing to me. I find mental health in students very intersting and have know some students like myself to have break downs, Though I belive my school is good with the councling situation I also agree that it could be alot better but because of finacial problems it cant. Please inform more people about this problem and put out more intresting articles about us, the College students.

Yolanda, Student at College of the Redwoods, at 8:55 pm EDT on May 7, 2008

Mental Health on Campus

In reply to Prof. Bell’s post — who cares if the problems of mental illness are higher or lower on college campuses? It’s not a “non-issue” — it’s a genuine problem that needs to be addressed.

Heather Munro Prescott, Professor of History at Central Connecticut State University, at 8:00 am EDT on May 10, 2008

when violence isn’t an issue but mental health is

I have a personal story that might be of interest to you regarding FERPA, parental rights, mental illness and several other related issues. It has not yet ended in tragedy although it is tragic.

Briefly, my son attended a small, private, expensive college in New York state last year and he turned 18 during the first semester. Shortly thereafter he began to display specific signs of mental illness and personality change. A compelling story begins here – Our biggest mistake was notifying school officials of our concerns and asking them for help. A minimum amount of counseling was mandated and then the school administrators insisted, because he did not pose a harm to himself or others he was fine and not only refused all dialogue with us but ordered us not to contact any staff member for information. They implied we were abusive, overly involved parents— not only a completely unfounded charge but one we were never given an opportunity to refute. We were abruptly and legally prevented from reaching out to help our son even though it was obvious to us, close family members and fellow students that he was suffering a mental change. With the advice and approval of college officials our son placed both his mom and dad on a Persona Non Grata list and the college threatened us with arrest if we stepped foot on campus. We were physically barred from campus and ordered not to contact any staff for information regarding our son.

Never once, during our initial conversations were we warned of the implications involving college officials in our problem and the potential and power they had to completely cut us out of our son’s life. They were waiting for an act of violence or suicide. Barring that they barred us from his life. They insist he was simply separating himself from abusive, helicopter parents and refused to specifically address any of the negative symptoms he was displaying or the alarmed nature of every family member. A beloved uncle visited him on campus and was so disturbed by our son’s behavior immediately went to the Director of Counseling to speak with her about it. The VP of Student Affairs had security escort him off campus for no reason other than he was visiting his nephew.

Our son, who was only last fall a sunny, outgoing person with many friends, has now dropped out and disappeared. Recent information implies drugs were readily available in the campus dorms and some students were expelled because of them. Our son may or may not have experimented with them which may or may not have affected his behavior. Could the school be trying to cover this up?

We have had an extremely eye-opening and emotionally wrenching first-hand experience which would be of great interest to a vast number of parents who, like us, enthusiastically send their kids off to college, entirely naive to the collegiate policies and officials that can completely usurp their parental role and—other than paying the bill—make them totally redundant in their child’s life. Parents have no rights as far as colleges are concerned.

I believe that our story is emblematic of a shocking reality that, despite recent campus occurrences that have brought these issues to national attention, most colleges remain unwilling, unprepared and unqualified to deal with student mental health issues. They use FERPA to effectively shut out the parents of students who develop issues while living on campus. The typical reaction of colleges is to use all their resources to cover this problem up and sweep it under the rug while maintaining an air of superiority and self-righteousness. They use FERPA to justify every action regardless if the law supports their policy or not and completely regardless of every other aspect of the student’s well being.

In light of the VA Tech disaster, the general heightened awareness of campus mental health and safety issues as well as the DOE’s latest recommendations on the interpretation of FERPA all of which affect so many families with college kids, I think this is a timely issue. We would never recommend parents involve any college official—especially the counselors or the dean of student affairs—in any concerns they have for their children. The President himself refused to intervene or bring some sort of common sense and human decency to the table. He relied solely on the advice of academics wholly untrained to diagnose mental illness.

Our motivation in bringing our story to the public is to make parents aware that their life long role as parent will be appropriated by uncaring college administrators whose sole concern are the legal privacy issues of an 18 year old student, not the human being who is their child. In both their eyes and the eyes of the law, mom and dad are superfluous.

ccb, at 1:35 pm EDT on May 12, 2008

Comparing college to non-college matters

“In reply to Prof. Bell’s post — who cares if the problems of mental illness are higher or lower on college campuses?.. it’s a genuine problem that needs to be addressed.”

Highway fatalities occur at some known rate in the general population; the rate and risk varies across age and other demographic categories. If the fatality rate at colleges was higher than for the same age cohort in the general population, we could ask, “What’s going on here? Are there college policies or lack thereof that cause this disproportion?” And maybe do something about it, if we could figure it out (meaning, what’s really causing what?). But if the college rate was *lower* than the gen pop rate, it should not concern colleges. There’s nothing to intervene about, even though traffic fatalities are surely “a genuine problem,” whenever they occur. The colleges should use their resources to address problems that are demonstrably peculiar to college students, i.e., higher-than-normal rates of whatever, where “normal” means statistical normality, absent some other basis for a non-statistical norm (e.g., a religious college might assert a non-statistical benchmark for community standards about sex).

In general, society/state has in place rules and organizations/institutions to handle public welfare. In some areas, the separate concerns of the college and those of the state may overlap, with the state unable to meet the standards of the college, e.g., security needs of some colleges may outstrip the resources of the local police force. But even then, it’s important for a college to understand what a “normal” rate of theft might be, so they can a) realistically benchmark their own performance standards and b) provide realistic information and assurances to their “customers,” parents and students. So, again, I’d like to know: Is mental health a problem on campus or not?

To Professor -?-, I promptly forgot your name after copying your post. My apologies for not referring to you by name!

Rod Bell, Adjunct Professor at College of DuPage, at 4:30 pm EDT on May 13, 2008

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