News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
June 17
Paul Steenhausen recalls when his brother, a California high school teacher, asked a failing student what, precisely, he planned to do with his life. “And the kid said, ‘Oh I’ll go to Crafton Hills,’ ” the local community college.
“A lot of kids in high school don’t know that there are standards at a community college and they certainly don’t know how they match up,” says Steenhausen, a senior fiscal and policy analyst at the nonpartisan California’s Legislative Analyst’s Office (LAO), which released a report Monday on improving remedial education in the 109-institution California Community College System.
“While they are all welcome to attend a community college — there are no admissions standards based on high school performance — they’re not going to go very far and they’re certainly not going to get a degree or transfer unless they address these basic skills deficiencies.”
The report addresses structural changes that could improve remedial, or “basic skills” education, throughout California’s community college system, finding, for instance, a need to better “signal” college readiness standards to high school students. The report comes amid lots of effort and millions in new funding for improving instruction in remedial math, English and English as a Second Language throughout California, with a focus, for instance, on trying innovative new teaching techniques.
The colleges face an uphill battle. The report finds that the community college system offered basic skills instruction to more than 600,000 students in 2006-7. The success rates are “generally low.” For instance, in terms of persistence, about half of students enrolled in credit-bearing basic skills math, English and ESL courses in the fall do not return to college the subsequent fall, the report finds.
The report also finds that only 60 percent of students enrolled in credit-bearing remedial English courses obtain a C or better (the success rates for math and ESL are 50 and 75 percent, respectively). And less than 10 percent of noncredit basic skills students ever complete one credit-bearing course applicable toward a degree (the report includes the caveat, however, that “an unknown number of noncredit students” – some ESL students, for instance — never aspired to that goal).
“What this report takes a look at are a lot of policies that colleges individually can’t change. The system as a whole and/or the legislature has to make those changes in order to untie their hands,” said Steenhausen, who wrote the LAO document. Among the report’s recommendations: change the state statute so that students who test into remedial math or English are required to take those courses in the first semester. (Currently, placement test results are, under state law, nonbinding. More than a third of students determined to be in need of basic skills courses choose not to enroll.)
The report also suggests developing a standard, statewide community college placement test, based on questions from existing California Standards Tests (used at the K-12 level). And it suggests expanding California State University’s Early Assessment Program, which provides high school juniors with an indication of whether their academic performance is up to university standards, to be of use to prospective community college students as well.
Lastly, as many basic skills students never receive mandated counseling services, the LAO recommends amending a state law requiring that districts spend at least 50 percent of their general operating budget on in-classroom instruction. Analysts recommend that counseling expenditures should be counted toward instructional costs, “to give community colleges fiscal flexibility to address the counseling needs of their students,” Steenhausen said.
“While the state and community colleges are investing a significant amount of time and money in basic skills education, we believe that substantial advancements can only come about if [California’s community college system] changes its policies to promote a more effective delivery of services,” the report’s conclusion states.
“Most all of these are areas that we are already looking at,” says Carole Bogue-Feinour, vice chancellor for academic affairs at the California Community College System. “Yes, we do recognize that the course success rates need to be increased,” she says, adding that some colleges have already begun to see improvements in their internal data since the statewide “Basic Skills Initiative” began in 2006.
A task force is looking at assessment and placement, including the question of whether colleges should mandate remedial coursework based on test scores, Bogue-Feinour says. And the system just completed a series of regional workshops focused on improving instruction in basic skills, including through the use of learning communities.
“What we really need to do is look at how we can integrate closely those support services, including counseling, with these instructional programs,” Bogue-Feinour explains. “A lot of these things that [the LAO] mentions in here, we are addressing and coming to terms with.”
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In an ideal world, JB is absolutely right—we should not be paying twice. However, given the increase in poverty since the Reagan years and the decrease in real dollars for education, to say nothing of huge allocations to such misguided programs as No Child Left Behind, it will take at least a decade to undo the damage that has been done to our schools and young people. Let’s hope that the shift starts in January 09 so that by 2020 our community colleges can focus on their real work of preparing people for further education and/or good jobs with growth potential.
Cecelia, at 12:35 pm EDT on June 17, 2008
As much as I agree that our educational priorities have been misguided recently, this is not a recent problem. A large portion of CC education has been remedial/developmental for decades. Part of the problem is that while in HS, mids do not care and hence do not put forward the necessary effort. Of course some drop out and hence do not get the background.
The true problem is that many of the faculty that teach the basic skills and developmental course are adjuncts. Before I get flamed, I agree that many of the adjunct are wonderful teachers, but they are not paid much (an understatement) and hence are understandably not willing to put the sort of time into preparation that these “best practices” would require. Many are or were HS teachers who approach the education the same way that they do in HS, the same way the students did not get it the first time.
Unfortunately, the current political atmosphere (NOT jut the right) is one where the state complains about the success rate in courses, and then reduces the budget. All of this in a time where enrollments are increasing to respond to layoffs as the economy change from production to service.
Skip, at 3:35 pm EDT on June 17, 2008
The biggest losers in all of this are the students. While they are primarily responsible for their attitude and the effort they put in, it is still a fact that they have received a credential from their high school they perhaps should not have received.
Then, if they decided to go to college, they end up having to pay for courses that don’t count for anything. This not only has the effect of increasomg the cost of their education, it increases the time it takes for them to complete it. This becomes time spent not earning income based on their educational attainment. It all adds up to lost opportunity.
As has been correctly pointed out, the myriad problems in K-12 existed long before NCLB and will be there long after it is gone. I am no NCLB apologist (far from it), but bad attitudes in the kids, lower achievement, social promotion, and grade inflation existed long before it was enacted and probably at least partially drove its being enacted.
I don’t know what the answer is. At one point, my state had a law on the books that allowed public postsecondary institutions to basically send a bill back to K-12 districts for each student they had to remediate. It was repealed shortly after it was enacted, so it’s unclear if it would have been effective. But I don’t think that the answer is to take institutions that have dwindling resources and ask them to allocate more of them to cleaning up someone else’s mess.
JB, at 4:15 pm EDT on June 17, 2008
Alas, an old story and the first comment gets it right. Why is such a situation allowed to continue? Having taught at various levels of higher education, from college preparation classes for the “disadvantaged” to community college and graduate courses, I have understood the various levels of questionable preparation, even at the graduate level.
Wouldn’t it be wonderful, more efficient, and more just if some association of educators acknowledged this situation and took steps to make the “jump” from secondary school to college level work less of a huge leap that frustrates teacher and student alike? Open admissions should not be interpreted as permission to give students in high school an undeserved “pass;"those teachers at the secondary and college level need to collaborate so that their students come to understand that there are standards held in common, and that individual assessment of student capacities must be normed.
Not to do something like this (along with rewarding teachers sufficiently) is to allow a situation, which those of us who are older professionals have long been familiar with, to persist.
George K, at 5:10 pm EDT on June 17, 2008
I see two answers to JB’s excellent question:
1) The minimum skill level required to graduate from high school (in my state) is well below the minimum required to take “college level” classes in mathematics. They may take X units of math, but what matters is the level of the questions on the exit exam since that determines what is taught in the classes directed at below average students.
2) Many students actively forget material that was crammed into them for those exit exams or in their other classes. They only “know” it for the one day they took the test, just as many do in college classes. They can’t cram for the placement test.
It could also matter that our test is set against the fixed standard of college algebra classes rather than whatever drives NCLB standards (which appear to vary a lot from state to state based on my cursory review of the exit tests available on the web).
CCPhysicist, at 8:20 pm EDT on June 17, 2008
As someone who taught high school for 17 years (the majority of my students went on to be very successful in colleges and universities across the US — including Yale and Northwestern, as well as the local community college), I feel the need to address a topic all the commenters seem to be missing. Many of my students did not go on to college...and should not have. Although we in higher ed all may feel or even know that students NEED to attend college after high school, only a percentage of them do. Some can’t afford it, but many choose not to — with or without the skills to succeed in college. High school serves many needs — and college success is JUST ONE of these. Until the US follows the successful European “un-egalitarian” mode of separate schools for college-prep students and vocational/trade students, the system will remain as it is — “One size fits none.”
Former high school teacher, at 11:15 am EDT on June 18, 2008
Though I must admit to being somewhat dubious of it, there is existing research to suggest that the skills required for success in college are essentially the same as those required for the workforce. So even if people don’t plan on college, I think we can agree that they still need a certain level of skills.
Even if you completely discount that notion, it is still quite troubling to ponder that people are graduating from high school unable to do basic mathematics (I am talking about basic arithmetic here, not algebra), read at grade level, or write a coherent sentence. If you don’t think people like this are ending up in college, you’re kidding yourself. I spent 6 years teaching at open enrollment institutions and could offer story after story; these stories run the gamut from truly inspirational to extremely sad.
It was recently reported in my state that nearly 40 percent of recent high school graduates attending public postsecondary institutions required remediation in one or more subjects (math, reading, and/or writing). This is for both 2- and 4-year institutions, and this proportion is up about 3 percent from a similar study done 3 years prior.
Again, I don’t know the answer. Different levels of diplomas to include a “certificate of completion"? Rigorous state standards? Somewhere in between? Your guess is as good as mine. But that’s why these dialogues are helpful.
JB, at 11:25 am EDT on June 19, 2008
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I’m still stunned...
I mostly understand remediation for adults who are coming back after having been away from a formal classroom setting for 10 years or more. And as this country strives to become more educated by increasing the proportion of adults with bachelor’s degrees in an effort to keep up with the rest of the world, I think that remediation of adults is going to be with us for a while.
But I do not understand remediation for recent high school graduates, and I never will. Even if it were possible to make success a virtual certainty, I would still wonder how these folks had earned a high school diploma in the first place.
The worst part is, these young people are paying for courses that do not count toward graduation and typically are not counted in their GPA calculation. If they have to take multiple courses or take the course multiple times, that is more money out of their pocket. And taxpayers, who contribute to both K-12 and the community colleges, and are essentially being asked to pay for the same education twice. There are costs to institutions as well. Remedial courses take classroom space and faculty load away from college-level courses. This may lead to hiring more part-time faculty and/or building projects (which carry maintenance costs). It’s a vicious cycle.
Don’t get me wrong. I think open enrollment institutions serve an incredibly important function in society. I believe in giving people second chances. But with state appropriations to higher education decreasing from year to year, is it right to ask higher ed to allocate resources to do the job that K-12 failed to do?
JB, at 11:35 am EDT on June 17, 2008