News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Aug. 20
Top universities are increasingly hiring professors who have other academics as partners. But even as this reality of the academic job market is clear, few institutions have formal policies on how to handle such hiring.
Those are the key results of a major study of dual-career hiring, based on data from 13 top research universities. The results are being released today in “Dual-Career Academic Couples: What Universities Need to Know,” produced by the Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research, at Stanford University.
While estimates of dual-career hiring were as low as 3 percent in the 1970s, the report says, it is clear that such hiring is common today, with 36 percent of those in the study having academic partners.
Partner Status of Full-Time Professors at 13 Top Research Universities
|
Status |
Percentage |
|
Academic partner |
36% |
|
Employed, non-academic partner |
36% |
|
Single |
14% |
|
Stay-at-home partner |
13% |
But even as such hiring becomes common, the report says, universities don’t necessarily know how they are doing it — or agree on what steps are appropriate. “Institutional approaches to couple hiring tend to be ad hoc, often shrouded in secrecy, and inconsistent across departments,” the report says. “Faculty tend to be unfamiliar with key issues and solutions, and many know little about their own university’s policies and practices.”
Of all the professors in the study, 10 percent were hired as part of a couple, which the report calls “a small, but important proportion.”
If colleges don’t do more to recruit academic couples, the report warns, they “are in danger of losing some of their most prized candidates if suitable employment cannot be found for qualified partners.”
This isn’t a theoretical concern, but a real one, the report says. It cites two independent studies by prominent research universities of failed faculty recruitment. Partner employment was first in one study and second in the other of reasons that the would-be colleague did not move. (Other reasons included salary and housing costs.)
While many universities haven’t typically focused on dual careers, they need to change, the report argues, to get the best talent. Perhaps the most obvious reason cited in the report is that plenty of the top recruits are half of an academic couple – and they just won’t move without jobs for their partners.
But more subtle reasons are cited as well. If universities are serious about diversifying their faculties, and hiring more female and minority scholars, the report says, they need to be open to changing the hiring process. “Institutions should not expect new participants to assimilate into current practices built around old academic models and demographics,” the report says.
Further, the study notes that professors today – men and women, those with academic partners and without – “are a new breed determined more than ever to strike a sustainable balance between working and private lives. Couple hiring is part of a deeper institutional restructuring around quality-of-life issues.”
While the report stresses that dual-career hiring benefits men, women and institutions, it notes that the issue may be particularly important in hiring women. Of those in the survey, women were more likely than men (40 percent to 34 percent) to have academic partners. This may be particularly the case in those science and technology fields where women continue to make up a distinct minority of professors. Women are much more likely than men to practice “disciplinary endogamy” in which they have partners in the same field. While 83 percent of female scientists in academic couples have a scientist as a partner, the figure for male scientists is only 54 percent.
And the top reason women cited for turning down academic offers elsewhere was the lack of a job offer for their partners.
So with all of this evidence, why are so many institutions slow to adopt formal policies? While evidence cited in the report says that partner hires don’t result in any loss of productivity for the hiring institution, there is still a “stigma of ‘less good’” that “attaches to the second hire,” the report says.
In the survey, many professors expressed concerns about dual-career hiring:
The best way to eliminate the stigma and promote equitable policies is to be clear about them, and to put them in writing, the report says. There should be a formal protocol, the report says, and that doesn’t mean that departments being asked to consider the spouse of someone being recruited should just have that person assigned to them.
“Departments asked to consider hiring a partner must do so carefully,” the report says. “Partners should go through a department’s full review process. This will help build consensus within the department and, should the candidate be successful, contribute to a warm welcome for the new colleague.”
Further, the report says that promises about partner hiring need to be made in writing to avoid the currently common problem of hires feeling like promises made about dual hiring are not being met.
While the report notes some skepticism and hostility among professors about hiring partners, it suggests that clarity is the best way to build support. Most survey participants said that they didn’t know if their institutions had written policies on dual hiring. Those institutions with written policies and awareness of written policies had significantly higher levels of support for dual-career hiring. Says the report: “Awareness and clarity are critical to creating a positive climate overall.”
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My wife and I have been a dual career couple, employed in the field of education, since our marriage in 1976. Our first job was in the same small middle-school in a rural community in the south. After one year we moved to an urban area in Texas where we spent 16 years. Working in a major city was not difficult for employment because of the various opportunities afforded by the large number of schools in the region. In 1994, after working at a professional school in the University of Texas System, I accepted an administrative position at a mid-tier, mid-western university. My wife and 10 year old son followed kicking a screaming all the way from Texas. Our university is located in rural Appalachia and is 70 miles from anything that an informed person might call a city. Unemployed and undervalued in her new surroundings, my wife began doctoral studies in the institution’s college of education. She excelled, as I knew she would, and was selected to serve as a contingent faculty during her 4 years of study. Upon graduation she applied for a tenure track faculty position in the same department. A proven teacher in both K-12 and post secondary environments, and a burgeoning scholar, the university mandated that she go through the search process. After much wrangling and anxiety she was offered the faculty position at a lower salary than any of her peers. Promoted to Associate Professor 4 years ago, she now is the leading grant writer, scholar, and teacher for her department and one of the most promising scholars at the University. I suspect that she is also the only “trailing spouse” that has gone through the process from student to professor. Many people assume that because I am in an administrative position that I trailed her. One of the most fascinating aspects of being in a dual career couple in the academy is the life outside of work. We have deep philosophical conversations about educational, management, and leadership theory. We discuss how and what could and should be done to enhance education at all levels. As our son left for college I began my own doctoral studies. The philosophical discussions in class paled to the weekly conversations with my wife and I often found myself presenting ideas that came directly from those discussions. As topics changed and the focus turned to leadership and management I took the lead, at home and in class, and at times I heard my thoughts and positions being articulated by my wife. Each of us has demonstrated success in our chosen fields. We each possess strengths that complement the others weakness and when we work together, as educational consultants, we are a formidable team. The strength of dual career couples is often passion for their work and for each other. I must confess that I marvel at my wife’s intellect but as important as that gift, she makes me a better person than I ever thought possible.
Douglas Franklin, at 10:30 am EDT on August 20, 2008
43 percent said that they believed partner hiring or retention efforts “prevents open competition.”
We haven’t had a real commitment to open competition (in higher ed or the corporate sector) well, ever. Networking is the rule, whether one believes it to be good or bad. Qualifications do not speak for themselves. Is my partner in my network? Isn’t yours?
29 percent said that their department “has hired partners I consider underqualified.”
I wonder how many would also respond that their department has hired non-partners they consider underqualified. I’m surprised this number is so low!
26 percent said that “couple hiring disrupts the intellectual direction of the department.”
This is so vague as to entirely befuddle me. Further, if the surveyors were even able to get a representative sample of respondents from any 13 schools, who were not only hired at the same institution but in the same department, then I am highly impressed.
44 percent said that couples in the same department can create conflicts of interest.
You mean they team up? No fair. When’s the last time two or more faculty agreed on a departmental issue and worked together? Outrageous! I wonder if the spouses feel as though they agree as much as alleged.37 percent agreed with the statement: “In my department, the second hire is treated with less respect than the first hire.”
Well, yeah. Again, if we’re only focusing on those working in the same department together, then I have to believe we’re missing a greater number of faculty working in different departments and faculty with staff spouses. In those cases, faculty often think higher of fellow academics than administrators, and I have to think they would often prefer colleagues in their own discipline to spouses in other fields.
Wossamotta U., at 11:00 am EDT on August 20, 2008
I do understand the reasons for hiring faculty partners, but:
1) Large research universities with large departments can absorb a lot of people easily. Smaller schools with smaller departments don’t always have the same ease of absorbing one more person (expenses, office space, teaching loads, lab space, etc.). Asking, for instance, a laboratory science department at a small school to hire the spouse of a new hire in humanities is quite a tall order. The start-up costs are considerable, and scarce lab space will have to be permanently reallocated.
2) On a related note, if a department was planning to do a search next year, and then this year an administrator says “Hey, this other department is trying to recruit Dr. A, and his/her partner Dr. B is really well-qualified in your field, why not hire him/her this year?", next year that administrator had better not say “Oh, no, you don’t get the search you were planning for this year, because with the addition of Dr. B your department is full.” Yes, the department has Dr. B, and Dr. B may be great, but if Dr. B isn’t in the subfield that the department was hoping to hire in, then the department may still need the expertise of a Dr. C.
If hiring spouses is considered to be an important practice, then spousal hires should not negatively impact a department’s ability to do future searches.
Finally, on a personal note: In my own college we have a few couples. Many of them seem to work out fine, but I can think of one where the trailing spouse is a weakness to the department. Then again, lots of departments have weak links who leveraged connections, so I suppose spousal hiring is not much different from regular academic hiring.
Assistant Professor of Physics, at 12:20 pm EDT on August 20, 2008
While I agree that if universities are going to engage in spousal/partner hiring that they ought to have clear policies that spell out how such searches are conducted (though honestly, I don’t see a way out of many of the difficulties caused by such hiring), I am continually disturbed by how all considerations of ‘quality of life’ issues revolve around coupled academics, usually hetereosexual (but not always) and usually with children.
Senior female faculty are less likely to be married (whether by choice, ‘luck’ or divorce/death) than senior male faculty. If you want to meet a group whose quality of life is never discussed, it is single faculty of all ranks. As a (now) single, full professor at a university in a high cost of living area, I live in a dump compared to my coupled (most dual career academic) colleagues —- I simply can’t afford to live elsewhere as my salary doesn’t come close to qualifying me for the median home here. Most of the benefits which my university offers and for which my union bargains have no relevance for people without spouses or children. As as one of two single people in my dept (even the assistants are married with kids), guess who STILL is expected to teach night/weekend classes, go to endless dinners with candidates, attend late afternoon student events when my colleagues go off to soccer games and swim meets. Despite the fact that the of our graduation ceremony is a couple years in advance (presumably one can plan to get someone else to take the kids to whatever activity they are doing), it is the single people who deal with voiced expectations that we be the dept reps at such events because we don’t need the time with our families.
Single people over the age of 35 are a growing demographic in the nation as a whole. It would be nice if occasionally those who look at quality of life issues in academe would consider our needs. Indeed, a front page discussion of this issue in IHE’s competitor last year was greeted by derisive letters and comments in subsequent weeks by married academics with children who persist in believing that we single people have it easy.
Professor Clarice, Professor, at 1:30 pm EDT on August 20, 2008
The article is an important study; the follow-up comments have been valuable. I advise the accompanying spouses and partners of job seekers. In a larger sense, I hope that my colleagues and I are building a community that values a work-life balance for all employees (not just those who are married), but we are not naive. Readers’ comments help me understand what is important to job seekers and how the best-intentioned plans can have unintended consequences. Keep writing.
Phyllis Brust, Director at GC HERC, at 8:50 pm EDT on August 20, 2008
This report focuses on dual-career couples, but it also has things to say about single people, same-sex couples, and ethnic/racial minorities. “Dual-career” doesn’t refer only to the heterosexual married folks in this instance.
Michelle Cale, at 7:45 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Thank you for clarifying my feeling that my unsucessful 7 year search for a tenure track position was due to my lack of one important qualification- a husband (or lover) in academia.
The “dual career couple” has always been a perk for the preferred candidate. Traditionally this was the male. In previous decades, it was an efficient and legal method of screening out unwanted female candidates by substituting those who were “controlled” by the male status quo. Let’s see some statistics comparing the number of women without husbands in academia who have achieved successful careers in that field to those with husbands in academia. (It might be difficult to count those with lovers in influential academic positions).
Nancy, Educator, at 10:10 am EDT on August 26, 2008
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Only researchers from one of the 13 top research universities would collect data from 0.01% of institutions and see nothing wrong with generalizing it to all of higher education.
If only these researchers would deign to collect data at CSU and Community College campuses near Palo Alto, then it would merit reporting.
Dr RingDing, at 10:20 am EDT on August 20, 2008