News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Aug. 21
Leaders of colleges for traditional-age students spend a lot of time worrying about the behavior of male undergraduates — and specifically the misbehavior of many through excessive drinking, hazing, and abusive behavior toward women. A leading sociologist and gender scholar, Michael Kimmel, has just published a new book that offers an inside look at this young male culture, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (HarperCollins). The book covers male development from ages 16 through 26, and features extensive discussion of campus life. Kimmel responded via e-mail to questions about his work.
Q: As colleges welcome a new crop of freshmen, what should they be aware of about their new male students that perhaps they aren’t aware of now?
A: What I call “Guyland” is both a developmental stage and a social space. Young adults, age 16-26, are taking about a decade longer to complete the transition to adulthood than did their parents and especially their grandparents. 30 is really the new 20. Guyland is also the world that young people — male and female — inhabit. After growing up with helicopter parents micromanaging every nanosecond, they enter a world in which colleges have backed away from the old “in loco parentis” model, so that young people increasingly define themselves through media images and peer groups. And on campus, guys rule.
Q: Many colleges are worried that their first-year classes are increasingly female. How do the trends in your book relate to this trend? What kind of behaviors will being a distinct minority on campus encourage in men?
A: It’s not only numbers: young women are coming to campus with better grades, more honors, and seem more directed and motivated than many young men. Women’s equality has been confusing to many men, and some become defensive and angry about it. A friend titled her book about sports The Stronger Women Get, the More Men Love Football. The “Guy Code” to which men are pressured to conform, is defiantly anti-PC, dismissively anti-intellectual, and derisively sexist. “Bros Before Hos” is the motto of Guyland.
On the other hand, we can’t forget that women’s equality on campus has many salutary effects: cross sex friendships; guys’ assumption that their wives and partners will work and be committed to their careers; an increased interest in fatherhood.
Q: What are the key ways you noticed that white male students different from male students of other races and ethnicities?
A: Guyland saturates campus social life at pretty much every campus I’ve visited. There are some differences among campuses (large and small, public and private, elite and mass). On just about every campus, though, Guyland is largely a white thing. For example, in our survey of hooking up (more than 13,000 undergrads at 17 campuses), it was white students who did the majority of hooking up. While everywhere, Asian students followed more traditional dating scripts, for black students it depended on their numbers on campus. On overwhelmingly white campuses, they hooked up little, in part because there were so few of them, and in part because if the black men hooked up a lot with white women, their black friends would be extremely disapproving. On racially diverse campuses, or historically black colleges, black students hooked up far more often, but still not as much as white students. (That’s equally true of binge drinking and hazing.)
Q: You talk about the codes that promote and protect binge drinking and hazing. Is there anything colleges can do about these problems?
A: I think most colleges and universities are keenly aware of these problems and are sincerely trying to develop strategies. There are many obstacles: angry alumni who block efforts to reform campus culture; the need to attract male students with sports and parties; the yawning disconnect between academic life and student life, and many others. Expanded first-year orientation, first year experience programs, and stricter controls are only a start. Campuses and the local communities must identify what the issues are, and collectively begin to talk about these issues.
I’m inspired by three examples:
(1) Fraternities that have eliminated hazing and even pledging, who dare to believe that a brotherhood cemented by torture is more like Guantanamo than Georgia Tech.
(2) University administrators like John Wiley, chancellor at University of Wisconsin at Madison, who has implemented a new alcohol policy that includes intervention;
(3) Education-based programs like social norms research, that enable students to monitor their own behaviors relative to other students.
Q: While campuses are known to promote (officially) progressive values about the mutual respect of male and female students, your chapters on gender relations/sex/pornography paint a very different picture of male college students. What do you make of your findings on gender relations? Will guys just be guys, or is something seriously wrong?
A: I find the notion that we should do nothing because, as you put it “guys will be guys” to be a case of premature resignation. As if guys are biologically programmed to be rapacious predatory beasts. I think that’s “male bashing” – and sets the bar far too low. I believe that guys can be men – ethical, responsible, and resilient in the face of the pressure to either conform to Guyland, or, at least, be bystanders who look the other way (and enable the few actual perpetrators). Guys need our support to stand up and do the right thing.
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Yup, it’s all the guys’ fault, yup, for the last genertion, we’re to blame, shame.
Ed Guy, at 9:40 am EDT on August 21, 2008
The article “Understanding Guyland” closes with a call to support young males in their efforts to resist the “guyland” tendencies, but what can we do when they (inappropriately) bring these sexist attitudes into the classroom? As a female instructor at other large state-based institutions I have seen an alarming trend in males students making inappropriate remarks in class and saying inflamatory, sexist things under the guise of “participating” in discussion — to the smirks of their friends.
Are parents not teaching them at younger ages to self-monitor and consider the feelings of others? What can we do?
Brenda Jones, Chair ORGC at Franklin University, at 10:00 am EDT on August 21, 2008
” .. Are parents not teaching them at younger ages to self-monitor and consider the feelings of others?”
Apparently not, Madam.
“.. What can we do?”
See previous, “real standards?” As in, “you want a good job — act like a good, hard-working person.”
Frank A., at 12:00 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
During the years I have taught at this university, I have marked the striking difference between my female and male students in the classroom. In aptitude, intellectual curiosity, drive, and competency, the female students have consistently outshone their male counterparts. I have wondered: how can leaders most effectively address this disparity? How can one promote a culture in which study, learning, and the cultivation of the intellect are not despised by male students?
adjunct instructor, at 12:00 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
All this, and FA problems would go away if we had two year mandatory military service for “all” after highschool.
Greg, at 12:00 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
We shouldn’t be surprised by any of this, since there are virtually no adult men involved in campus life who could provide constructive role models. The faculty are too lazy to do it, the student affairs bureaucrats are too incompetent to do it, and the coaches are the ones paying for the beer and prostitutes. That’s American higher ed in a nutshell.
a reader, at 1:35 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Scott’s excellent question about the decreasing number of males on campus was not adequately addressed.
Men have been a minority of college students for almost 30 years (since 1980). The reason is clear: GPA is female biased, and colleges rely more on GPA than on test scores (men score the same as women on ACT and SAT tests).
The result is a huge shortage of skilled workers in America, a situation that is already serious and will cripple our economy shortly. Keeping smart boys out of college is not smart. For more on our work on this subject, see http://www.SmartBoysBadGrades.com
William Draves, President at Learning Resources Network, at 2:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Kudos to Dr. Kimmel on his research relative to the delayed social/psychological development of males in our society. I have observed this phenonena both clinically and in dailey observations over the past twenty five years. There are many more facets to this apparent deviation from past psychosocial development that characterized the generations prior to “Gen X” and the subsequent “Y” and “Millennials.” The factors influencing this developmental delay are multifarious and beyond the scope of this brief commentary. Less talked about is the influence that this phenomena has had on the development of females belonging to these generational cohorts. While it is unfair to tar all males or females from this group with the same brush, the nature of male/female relationships has on “face validity” been adversely altered.
John Clapp, PhD, Dr., at 4:30 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Men need the “bros before hoes” attitude because there are no stable standards for female roles anymore. Women want to go out and make $100,000 and still expect you to pay for everything. Women want to be respected as an equal until it is convenient to be treated as less than equal, (I would never call one of guy friends over to change a light bulb because I could not reach it easily. Men like like consistency so as long as women are trying to figure out their place in the world men will retreat to the safety of “Guyland” and remain their until female attitudes about themselves stabilize and men know it is safe to come back out and leave the “bros before hoes” motto behind them. One thing will never change, us men will always love women we always have and always will even gay men love can’t get enough of them.
Happen2bBlack, at 4:35 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Guys are guys because they believe, with justification, that they can get away with it. Guys know that even without a college degree they can get half-decent, half-decently paid guy jobs; women know that without academic credentials they’ll be stuck in indecent, low-wage, boring pink-collar work. Guys who go to college know that even with mediocre grades they will still get good jobs when they graduate; women know that even with a college degree they have to achieve to avoid getting stuck in jobs that are essentially secretarial.
Guys behave like pigs because they can: Animal House behavior is expected and excused. The consequences for women who behaved that way would be disastrous.
“Guyland is largely a white thing” because it’s a response to privilege and the sense of entitlement that comes with it. They can flout social rules (who doesn’t want to do that) and reject established pieties (who doesn’t want to do that), and behave loutishly and impulsively because they can get away with it. And women act as enablers because they have little choice. If you want a guy but the guys are all following the Guy Code, you’re going to have to put up with a guy who follows the Code. Since “Guyland saturates campus social life at pretty much every campus” the only available solution is the Lysistrata program, and that is one that most women will not undertake.
Female students I’ve talked to are very aware of the Guyland phenomenon, don’t like it, but don’t know what to do about it. And I don’t know either. As long as guys can get away with it they will. I’m a woman: if I could have gotten away with behaving like a guy when I was an undergraduate I would have—but I couldn’t.
LogicGuru, at 9:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
Young men are struggling to find their identities in a time where they find themselves in the minority on campus. A 60/40 split is not healthy for men who cocoon even more within their subculture or women who will increasingly struggle to find suitable mates (i.e. those who can hold down something over minimum wage).
Sadly, the last non-victim group — white men — are developing the victim mentality as a defense for bad behavior.
Ask women who live in Manhatten and Washington DC what the dating scene is like. The ratio of women to men in those areas are similar to those on public college campuses. The results are similar too...men who feel like they can treat women badly and get away with it because there are two more right behind her looking for a date. Where men are in the majority (Minnesota, Alaska), the reverse is true overall...men treat women much better knowing women can choose from many men.
Scooby, at 9:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2008
I do believe the solutions mentioned in this article could definitely be effective to a certain extent. However most of these solutions involve controlling or preventing sexist or violent behavior; external, short term solutions that wouldn’t change the internalized sexist codes that many male students are socialized to believe. Guyland may not be visible on campus, but it would still exist within the mentality of both men and women who have grown to internalize their designated gender roles. If their was a long term solution that could be implemented earlier on in middle or even elementary school that could instill a gender equity mentality in our young men and women, would these behaviors even manifest themselves by the time they got to college?
Melissa Medina, Student at UC Berkeley, at 5:10 am EDT on August 22, 2008
We are now seeing what has been created by the children of the American Society that ruled in the 60’s and 70’s. The young male generation, particularly the white male, has been attacked from so many sides that they are creating their own world (predictably so). The expectations of this group of young men have been lowered so far by American Society that they essentially have withdrawn from the world.
Now we see a rebellion against these low expectations as expressed by the leadership of Alex and Brett Harris in their book: “Do Hard Things” and their website “http://www.rebelution.com”
That “guy world” is headed in the right direction!
Edward Winslow, A tired “refired” Business Professor, at 10:15 am EDT on August 22, 2008
Maybe I shouldn’t preface this thought with “Needless to say": Not all white men in college fit this mold, although there are enough of them to constitute a mold. Throughout their 18 years prior to college young men and women observe the behaviors of their mothers and their fathers and their relationships with each other. This is nothing new. There are homes that raise secure male and female individuals who are self-possessed enough to feel unthreatened by changes in the status of any social or demographic group, to respect themselves enough to respect others. Whether colleges should step in to help break legacies is another matter. There are certainly different ways of being educated.
Administrator & Parent, Administrator & Parent, at 12:35 pm EDT on August 25, 2008
Dear Mr. Kimmel,I saw your excerpt on the Today Show and without fully reading your book, I am curious on your thoughts that maybe in some cases this does extend to a 16-35age bracket not just to age 26, as I believe that to be the demographic for Maxim magazine. Do you believe this to be so as well in your research?
susan, at 1:10 pm EDT on August 29, 2008
To all of you who say that GPAs are female biased or that men are being judged to harshly on campuses I beg to differ (especially in light of the idea that we should instead focus on ACT, SAT, or GRE scores!).
I teach test prep for many, many students and the number one thing I can say is that—regardless of sex—test scores mean NOTHING. Standardized tests have become so “standardized” that they’ve lost sight of what they’re testing (take a peek at the SAT sometimes... the questions are more akin to a MENSA test then college level English or math).
Provided the internal system of faculty isn’t corrupted at a school then GPAs are truly one of the best ways to understand the overall achievement of a student and sadly, across the board, women do better then men. In my test prep classes I’ve had the occasion to have both all girl or all guy classes OR a mix. When mixed both under achieve but the girls are still more vocal (a need to catch male attention) it isn’t so with the guys. Ask any teach, whether it’s test prep or college math, and the best way to improve or keep good grades is through SPEAKING UP in class. Men are much too reticent or “macho” to do this (despite the fact then whenever I have seen this occur, with the rare exception, they attract more girls than with silence) where as women (however misplaced the attention-getting motives maybe) speak and ask much more freely.
I’m sure teachers, parents, girlfriends, friends, and wives would agree that perhaps the best antidote to these “problems,” whether they be social or academic, is by instilling in male culture the same availability and liberty to speak and express oneself that female culture has basked in over the past several decades.
Not So Easily Sexist, at 7:55 am EDT on September 1, 2008
Male students are vilified for being men, and campus behavioral codes routinely violate men’s civil rights.
Campuses are a hostile environment for men, and far from encouraging “equality", programs like Title IX exemplify the attitude most administrators have towards male students, i.e., you’re responsible for the sins of all past men, and women can do no wrong.
Look to yourselves, administrators, if you want an answer to why college campuses are increasingly female.
MJB, at 3:40 pm EDT on September 2, 2008
As a 63 year old male I find myself saying “I told you so” in the face of the Guyland phenomena. I have long felt that “gender equity” feminism (vs equity feminism ie be talented, reap the rewards) would be the bane of our culture. I commented to anyone who would discuss this subject that we should be prepared to lose several generations of very confused young men as a result of radical gender feminists in search of a vision of equality for women. The biological imperative, whether we like it or not, has placed women in the role of selecting appropriate mates for reproduction. They are/were the standard setters. An unintended consequence of radical feminism has been that those standards have been corrupted. Women have decided that, in the process of being equal to men,that any bed partner is ok. Men bought into this. Those low standards yielded low behavior. Now we face the challenge of teaching men to behave like men. Mature, honorable men. Who does this? It sure won’t be on our campuses. Women will have to get tired of accepting these facsimilies of men and come up with some new and appropriate standards. Wake up ladies.
Grayson Beal, at 10:50 am EDT on September 3, 2008
“For over 40 years, as my career, family and location would permit, I have been an alumnus volunteer for my college fraternity. I had a wonderful, exciting college fraternity experience, not at all in the mold of “guyland". Since I graduated, I have seen the good, the bad and the ugly. Although it may seem counterintuitive, the ugly peaked in about 1990-1995, when drugs, alcohol and other serious problems ravaged our chapters. It took awhile to shake this out, and a reorganization that incorporated hundreds of volunteers (see above “no male role models” on campus) to bring our chapters back on the road to success, fulfilling fraternity experience, and a significant contribution to outreach in the form of philanthropy and community service. We lost scores of chapters in the 1990’s, but have restored a significant number to active status and added new ones, who understand our commitment to being an enhancement to the college experience, not a liability. Is it all solved? No, not at all, but the vision, mission and purpose of the fraternity play a much clearer role in the lives of our members than at any time in the recent past. I love working with great undergraduate young men, and I love the Fraternity!
Herb Huser, at 3:10 pm EDT on September 7, 2008
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Real standards = real guys
Greene (U-Ark.) and Vedder (Ohio U) posit that there are too many colleges. Well — there are.
The best organizations do not hire beer-swilling frat-guys (and gals) used to low performance standards. They hire people who show up on time (sober), accurately do work in a timely fashion without calling Mommy every four hours, and actually think before speaking politely and with authentic knowledge.
The author talks of high expectations. Can’t wait.
Frank A., at 9:05 am EDT on August 21, 2008