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Equal Start, Less Equal Progress in Social Sciences

Women could be poised to assume “equal footing” in the social sciences, and are starting their academic careers at levels of equity with men, a new report finds. But at the same time, gaps in progress appear for women within 10 years of earning their Ph.D.’s — and women in the social sciences differ significantly from men in terms of the impact of work/family balance, the report finds.

“Finally Equal Footing for Women in Social Science Careers?,” by the University of Washington Center for Innovation and Research in Graduate Education, is based on data from “Social Science Ph.D.’s Five+ Years Out,” as well as from the Survey of Earned Doctorates. For purposes of the study, the disciplines covered were anthropology, communication, geography, history, political science and sociology. Economics, which was not included, generally has smaller proportions of women than do other social science fields.

Many disciplinary organizations have been analyzing the status of women in their fields, and this latest report is an attempt to broaden the discussion by looking at a group of disciplines together — and in particular to examine disciplines that have seen huge changes in the last generation in terms of gender participation. In 2005, women earned 45 percent of the Ph.D.’s awarded in the social sciences fields studied, up from 27 percent in 1980 and 10 percent in 1966. With women now a majority of new doctorates in fields such as anthropology, the report attempts to see how they are progressing in their careers.

Generally, the evidence is very positive for women — as their careers start. Women are slightly more likely than men to have their first jobs on the tenure track (42 percent vs. 40 percent) and slightly less likely than men to have faculty jobs off the tenure track (26 percent vs. 28 percent). But these figures reverse themselves 6 to 10 years after a Ph.D., at which point men are more likely to have tenure or jobs outside of academe (generally with higher salaries than those for professors) and women are more likely to have jobs off the tenure track.

Employment Status by Gender 6-10 Years After Ph.D. in Social Sciences

Job Status

Women

Men

Tenured

30%

33%

Tenure-track, but not tenured

32%

32%

Non-tenure track

13%

9%

Other academic

8%

6%

Business, government or nonprofit

17%

20%

While not answering definitively why this gap appears, the report notes significant differences for men and women in marriage (or partnerships) and family life.

Men are more likely to be married 6-10 years out (79 percent to 71 percent). But the more significant difference may be who male and female social scientists marry. Women still “marry up,” the report says, noting that women in the survey are much more likely to be married to fellow Ph.D.’s while men are more likely to be married to people with less education than they have.

Just this week, a Stanford University study noted that academic woman at top research universities are more likely than their male counterparts to be married to fellow academics — and noted that this makes their career advancement in academe more difficult as they need to navigate dual-career issues. The study on the social sciences suggests that this situation extends well beyond the top universities examined by Stanford.

Educational Attainment of Partners of Social Science Ph.D.’s

 

Women

Men

Partner has Ph.D.

34%

17%

Partner has other doctoral degree (M.D., J.D. etc.)

10%

7%

Partner has master’s degree

27%

35%

Partner has bachelor’s degree or less

29%

41%

Perhaps not surprisingly, in light of those statistics, women in the social sciences are more likely than men to report that they changed jobs because their partner needed to move for professional reasons.

About three-fourths of the social scientists studied — men and women alike — said that they wanted to be parents. But 6 to 10 years out, men were more likely (66 percent to 61 percent) to have become parents. And of those who wanted to become parents, half of all women had delayed parenthood for career-related reasons — more than twice the figure for men.

The study was prepared by Elizabeth Rudd, Emory Morrison, Joseph Picciano and Maresi Nerad. In an interview Wednesday, Rudd said that the question of “equal footing” still hadn’t been answered. She said that, if Ph.D. production continues with equal numbers of men and women, some of the gaps in job experience and personal choices may also change. But that clearly hasn’t happened yet, said Rudd, a research scientist at the University of Washington.

New equity measures may be needed, she said. When men and women are equally likely to delay childbirth or in other family/work balance issues, she said, “that will be an important indicator.”

Scott Jaschik

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Comments

equality

It’s not fair that women choose to stay home with their children. If women decide to have children, men should arrange things so that she doesn’t have to sacrifice anything in her career by having children. The burden should fall on men who aren’t the women’s husband and aren’t the child’s father because a women must get what a woman wants and that’s that. Its not fair its not fair its not faaaaiiiir!!!!

mike, at 10:10 am EDT on August 21, 2008

Contra Mike

Oh, come on, Mike. Yes, women “choose” to stay home with their children, but generally they choose from only two options: (1)continue working full-time or above (let’s say at least 40 to 50 hours per week for an academic) when children are at their neediest (a period of a few years) or (2)give up all paid work for that period when children need so much care, even though it means that later they probably will not have the option of getting back on the tenure track. By couching your comment in terms of choice, you suggest that those two choices are somehow the only choices that we as a society could offer women, which is simply false. Universities could offer women (and men) the choice of reduced duties (and commensurately reduced pay) to enable them to remain on the tenure track while also caring for children. See Robert Drago and Joan Williams’s proposal for half-time tenure-track positions.

Rachel Hile, at 11:55 am EDT on August 21, 2008

Shocking.

You mean to tell me that starting a family can have an impact on one’s schedule? And that the mothers and fathers tend to take on different roles? This is truly shocking.

Prof. Challenger, at 11:55 am EDT on August 21, 2008

Fair?

Wait until the sandwich generation factor is added to the next study of the women covered in this article. Then those people who put their career on the back burner until the children are in school or the spouse is settled into the promotion and then get back into their chosen career and are then responsible for taking care of aging parents or the parents of their spouse/partner. Fairness takes several steps backward, career is again on the back burner, and the responsibilities of family and culture take over. While those responsible for making sure that business/education world continues, they ignore (have to ignore)that individual lives and responsibilities do not stop the larger world of which they are in charge.

Linda, Ivy Tech, at 12:00 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Children play a critical role in faculty women’s careers (see Finkel and Olswang in Review of Higher Education—1994 and 95), as they should. We are still making this an individual’s problem, rather than a social challenge—how to allow parents to care for their young children, while still giving them opportunities for career growth in academia. This is a solvable situation, but not within the inflexible framework of tenure as we know it.

Susan Finkel, Dr., at 12:00 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Fair is a childs word

Play fair, be fair &c are children’s words and complaints. JFK said Life Is Not Fair. Rabbi Kushner wrote a book about bad things happening to good people. All this writing about how to be fair is raging against a world that IS. So go get in line at the Complaint Department. Women stay home and care for children because SOMEONE has to. They can’t take care of themselves! Women then lose their place in the achievement lineup. I did, myself—husband couldn’t even think about it, nor any of my former male colleagues. At my age (65) I now think feminist liberation was a pretense, and there was never such a real thing.

Marian, Ph. D., at 2:15 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Your children are a problem?

Rachel and Susan,I’m sorry that you view your children as an “individual problem". Still, keep your problems to yourself. Don’t dump them on me by calling them a “social challenge". Just because you want your dream lifestyle (career, family and eat it too) doesn’t mean its my “social challenge".

This is all about choice. Kid’s cramp your career path? Don’t get married. Don’t have kids. Have nannies raise them. Have daycare raise them. Have your husband, significant other, lesbian lover raise them. You make choices and you live with consequences. I’m not interested in offering spoiled American women at large, via my tax dollars and more preferential treatment for them, the lifestyle they feel they have coming to them because they did us the great favor of being born.

So take all your studies and ... you go girl!

mike, at 2:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Question for Mike

Mike, I’m interested by your responses. Can you spell out how you think a responsible academic should look at a career? I have the impression that you believe that basically people should realize that a serious academic career is all-consuming. So in choosing to have children (unless their care is delegated to someone else, as you say, as a professor of my father’s generation would delegate his kids to his wife) women should realize that they can’t get as far as women without children, or men — at least men whose wives don’t insist that they share care. Or, to put it in terms of time, do you think it’s just a fact that a serious academic career requires an 80-hour week and essentially no competing commitments? I think you may be right, descriptively— at least judging by the unbelievably workaholic behavior I see in the top research university in which I work. But I’m curious to know whether you think this is a good thing, and whether, as your tone suggests, you think no one *should* question it.

Elizabeth

Elizabeth, at 4:55 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Elizabeth, I’m out of the game now. I got started back when Betty Friedan wrote the book that actually opened the doors of grad school to us. (They had not wanted to waste grad school spots of women who would only quit to raise children anyway.) Then law made them let us in, but social factors are something else. There is simple reality. SOMEONE has to be there for children, if a couple has them. Who will it be? No one can have it all. As Professor Sowell always says, there must be trade-offs. Think: What do you want most, and make the choice, and then rejoice in the choice you made.

Marian, at 7:45 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Mike’s comments

Mike,

I am curious who you think these women are having their children with. The vast majority of women academics who have children do so with men. Why should we not ask men to sacrifice something related to their professional lives to raise their children? Couples have children in a partnership and should have to share the burden of the changes that children bring to life.

kathy, professor, at 7:45 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

Response to Elizabeth and Kathy

Elizabeth,A “responsible” academic fulfills the terms of their contract with the university that employs them and strives to be a good teacher and to base their research on a serious attempt to uncover truth.

“Getting far” requires significant research discoveries as well as competing with and bettering the achievment of others in the field. In today’s world, that is a very substantial commitment.

I don’t care if any person takes this on themselves or not. My point is simply that having such a career, either as a “responsible academic” or an academic that “gets far” is by no means anyone’s natural or legal right. The commenwealth is not to be troubled or taxed because any class of individuals wants to pursue careers in these fields. All accomplishments require dedication and sacrifice. The sacrifice and dedication is to come from the one who chooses the goals. Don’t force everyone else to sacrifice for your sake. ("I want to be an academic and I want to have a familiy so society must trouble itself to make this possible for me.")

Kathy,If you want your husband to share in your families child raising responsibilities, that’s a private matter between you and him. By all means, ask him to if you want to. Expect him to if it suits you. Better yet, marry a person with similar goals and outlook and work together as you so choose. But don’t try to turn that into “social policy” with legal mandates and goverment intervention and women’s groups moaning about how rough they have it. Then you are grabbing from me and everyone else to fulfull your private desires. That is what I object to.

mike, at 9:50 pm EDT on August 21, 2008

mike is right

I’m not in the social sciences, but I did make the choice earlier in my career to become a “house husband” for a while. I knew this would have consequences for my career, but my decision was based on what was best for my loved ones.Since my goal was to teach and not necessarily to achieve the highest rank, I am happy with my decision. Society doesn’t owe me anything for “settling” on not running the world.

DFS, at 6:05 am EDT on August 22, 2008

Paternity Leave, Flex-time

Delaying childbirth has much to do with the lack of on-site childcare. Most educated parents believe that once a decision has been made to have a child, that a parent (either parent) should be available at all times for the first 1-3 years of that child’s life. If there were more on-site childcare options, AND, if there were better Paternity leave options as well as flex-time off for families, I believe that the disparity would dramatically change.

Nancy Leeson, Career Mom at Non-academic, at 10:50 am EDT on August 22, 2008

I remember when I was in grad school....

I was married, and my spouse and I wanted to start a family, but we decided to hold off on having kids until after I finished my degree and got a job. It was a “tradeoff,” but one that we felt was necessary. I remember feeling the same way as Mike when, a few years later, a group of grad students started demonstrating at the university in favor of expanded (free) student health insurance to cover the children of graduate students. They argued that they “couldn’t afford” to pay for their kids’ health care while in school. I couldn’t afford to have kids and go to school at the same time either, of course...that’s why I made a choice!

Prof Challenger, at 11:31 am EDT on August 22, 2008

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