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Unfair to FAIR

It should not be the case that a victory for the Department of Defense is a defeat for academic freedom, but such is the outcome of Rumsfeld v. FAIR, which the U.S. Supreme Court decided Monday in an 8-0 ruling favoring the government.

FAIR is the Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, a group of prominent law schools whose policies forbid discrimination based on sexual orientation and other factors. FAIR sought to restrict, not prevent, military recruitment because the military’s discriminatory policy of “don’t ask, don’t tell” is aimed at gays and lesbians.

The U.S. military, on the other hand, supported by the Solomon Amendment, claims that its rights to see potential recruits in law schools and, indeed, in all other components of the university, trump the rights of universities to be true to their mission. The Solomon Amendment was first passed in 1995 by Congress and has been revised three times since, with each revision placing greater pressure on universities to give military recruiters less restricted access to students or face the prospect of losing all federal funding.

FAIR’s mission is “to promote academic freedom, support educational institutions in opposing discrimination and vindicate the rights of institutions of higher education.” This is “starry-eyed idealism,” according to one Congressman who supported the Solomon Amendment that “comes with a price” — lose all federal funding unless you support the military’s discriminatory policy.

In some circles, such threats are called extortion, but coming from the government they are called “funding leverage.” The roughly $35 billion in federal money now going to universities would be lost if any component of the universities — e.g., law schools or medical schools or education schools — defied the Solomon Amendment.

For Chief Justice Roberts extortion is not “compelled speech” because all the government seeks to regulate is “conduct.” I liken this to my mother’s threats of denying me dinner following my making a reasoned objection to some unjust parental rule: it is your conduct, son, not the logic of your argument that offends; obey or no dinner.

As a child, I lacked the autonomy that universities have traditionally enjoyed in the United States. Institutional autonomy was described by the Global Colloquium of University Presidents, which met a year ago at Columbia University, as “the guarantor of academic freedom.” Institutional autonomy includes “the right of the university to determine for itself, on academic grounds, who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study.”

The Roberts court ignores this tradition of academic common law and instead asserts that universities are “free” to determine their mission, including one that forbids discrimination, but only if they are willing to forgo access to the people’s money, the very funding that subsidizes new knowledge, new discoveries, and new policies, all for the purpose of assisting the public good.

The not insignificant crumb the Court did offer the academy in its Solomon [not Solomonic] ruling is the right of the academy to protest when military recruiters visit campus. Campus communities should vigorously exercise that right until such time as the US military changes its anti-discrimination policies to accord with the more enlightened of the academy.

Roger W. Bowen is general secretary of the American Association of University Professors, which filed an amicus brief in support of FAIR.

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Comments

No effect on academic freedom whatsoever

I wish that just for once, academics could find it in themselves to be honest. There is no effect in this decision on academic freedom whatsoever: The schools are perfectly free to stand by their principles to bar military recruiters, if in fact they actually honor those principles. Mark my words: They will not, because the principles they proclaimed motivated them in this bogus litigation were an obvious sham: Even Harvard gladly accepted millions from Saudis who subject gays to summary execution. This was about whining about the military, and had nothing to do with concern for gays or DADT. The schools were properly smacked down for damned bad legal thinking and infantile posturing.

JBM, at 6:40 am EST on March 9, 2006

Never-ending story

From that college presidents’ forum —

http://www.google.com/search?as_q...arch=&as_rights=&safe=images

” .. The tolerance of divergent opinion ..”

The public that provides the $35 billion to U.S. colleges has made crystal-clear to everyone (including the Hiliary crowd) its expectations about treatment of military recruiters.

Continual failure to accept those expectations, as well as obvious intolerance to opinions from the mainstream, could very well decrease that $35 billion to $32 billion and so forth. This is as students chose other options to intellectually-stale, government-monopolized higher education that wants the U.S. to become France.

R.A. Shaw, at 7:10 am EST on March 9, 2006

Hypocrisy on both sides

JBM, I wish people would stop referring to this as a “smacking.” First of all, courts decided legal decisions every day. Does the loser go away from it say, “Oh, I was smacked?” No. Even in politically-charged issues, people simply regroup. But, I guess since everyone really wants to join the military, the testosterone came out in this one. Most of the huffing and puffing comes from academics who think it was a “smacking” that never served, never would serve, and quite frankly, look down upon most servicemembers. Even JAG doesn’t pay that much, and it isn’t regarded as a path to “greatness.” (Though it does provide solid training, it probably won’t get you a Supreme Court clerkship.)

Second, most people seem to have no idea regarding what the court actually said. It isn’t that long a decision. Yes over half of the academics I have spoken to seem to think it relied on the spending clause.

Third, Since homosexuals enjoy some protection in the military, by virtue of Lawrence, Marcum (and their interpretation in the service courts of appeal) of the miniscule number of law students from “top tier” law schools that wish to join the military and happen to be gay, none of them will face a court martial, unless they do something that would have been prohibited for a straight person. (Which, to me, was quite strange: a military recruiter – and the “recruiters” at law schools are different than the ones in the storefronts — could honestly state that their institution does not discriminate against homosexuals.) Personally, I think that many professors should be encouraging students. The solid training, combined with an environment in most services that is free from racial or sexual discrimination is a good place for someone to start their career. All a homosexual needs to do is keep his sexual activity off campus. Under my reading of the caselaw, he doesn’t even need to keep it a secret.

Finally, The services do not use law school interviews the way firms do. Indeed, a student that is at a law school which is visited by a recruiter is not situated in a better or worse way than any other student.

Larry88, at 7:10 am EST on March 9, 2006

Opinion and orals speak for themselves

There was nothing nuanced or delicate about the way the Court responded to FAIR’s sophistry, either at the orals or in the written opinion. That was a hot bench, and FAIR deserved every syllable of what it meted out. If FAIR schools want to block military recruiters, then let them DO IT or make it perfectly clear to everyone what bloody hypocrites they are and have been throughout the entire litigation.

JBM, at 7:40 am EST on March 9, 2006

public opinion is what you want it to be

RAS, Two points: Believe it or not, no matter what positions a law school or a professor takes, people will always want their kids to be lawyers. It will pretty much be a cold day in hell before people stop wanting their kids to go to good schools just because they might learn “liberal” ideas. Few people know exactly what military lawyers do, so it is difficult to say that the masses have any idea regarding any change in actual military readiness that would occur if the military did rely on campus recruiting. Secondly, I know you are a good American (regardless of whether you served), and I know that as a good American you read the opinion. As you know from reading the opinion, the court did not rely on the spending clause, so, in fact, as a constitutional matter there actually is no quid pro quo. (As a statutory matter, one can make such a case, however.)

I should clarify my earlier statement. Currently there are no former officers serving as clerks to Supreme Court justices. However, former officers do serve as 1) the clerk of the Supreme Court; and 2) various “career” positions at the Supreme Court. They do good work, and they are fine lawyers, but this is not what law professors at real schools have in mind for most of their students.

Larry, at 7:50 am EST on March 9, 2006

The Solomon Amendment

I agree with JBW on this one. If a college administration truly believes that the military has no right to discriminate against homosexuality, the best way to express this belief is to refuse all federal funding.

Let Harvard, for example, use it’s multi- billion dollar endowment for financial aid for its students. Obviously, these academics don’t believe in putting their money where their mouth is!

Yes, colleges have a right to believe what they wish, and the feds have a right, on behalf of the taxpaying public, to send our tax dollars to institutions that comply with what is best for the common good. Ensuring a strong military, especially in today’s world, is in the best interest of the American public. Deal with it academia!

feudi pandola, at 8:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

About a donor

Ol’ Lar .. I hear ya, about parents and law school. In fact, I believe IHE has had several articles about how law school market is growing, for good or bad. From what I can tell, some of that are retiring lawyers who want to hand-off “the family business” to the kids (look at Sam Bernstein’s ads). Life will go on.

About the money matter, a quick tale: friend who has donated $100,000 to colleges, calls last week and asks “what the heck is going on with the Muslim cartoon thing?” Frankly, since the cartoons are all over the ‘Net, I wonder myself about the need to aggravate matters.

Friend questions what’s happening to his donations. This is how the money starts to dry up.

Hey — ja rule, as they say on KHOW.

R.A. Shaw, at 8:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

On the subject of “academics” whinging, it should be noted that FAIR represents a tiny subset of all law schools, many of which contain faculty who either agree with the Court’s opinion or at least disagree with FAIR’s arguments. Those law schools, in turn, are a small subset of their respective campuses. FAIR is the mouse that whinged.

You don’t have to be a non-academic, or even a conservative, to believe that the government has a right and a duty to reach all segments of society with the idea of public service, including military service. You don’t have to be a conservative to think that institutions that accept billions of dollars from a funding source also accept some degree of influence over their internal policies as a result; given the frequent and well-publicized (though admittedly carefully packaged and camouflaged) catering of these same institutions to private donors, you would have to be delusional to think otherwise. But in the end even those two arguments aren’t that important — banning anyone from the intellectual marketplace as an act of “freedom of expression” is simply a tough sell on either side of the ideological divide.

I agree that FAIR’s position is untenable in principle (the 8-0 decision isn’t conclusive in that regard, but it surely is suggestive); I don’t agree that it’s a majority position within the Academy — or anywhere else outside the FAIR boardroom. Let their defeat be understood as what it is: a defeat for an extreme perspective with as little intellectual traction within the Academy as without.

CJ, at 8:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

nothing scathing

The opinion was quite nuanced, and it properly left open a number of questions. It was no more or less scathing than any of the government’s defeats, and the questions asked (and by which justice) were not atypical. Since I read all Supreme Court cases, and most cases from circuit courts of appeal, some people pay me to be an expert on them. Parties take positions in court which will always be regarded as “sophistry” by the opposing party. Courts resolve such differences, and in the federal system there must be an act case or controversy. This is the way of the law. I can send you some books on it.

This is all quite silly. People that want to join JAG will join in regardless of whether they recruit. (In fact, an interview can be had by even people at lesser-ranked law schools by simply calling an SGA.) People that don’t want to join a JAG corps (the vast majority of law school students) won’t. Most law professors want nothing to do with a JAG corps, not for political reasons, but for career reasons. Life will go on. Homosexuals will join the military, and they will become gradually more open about it, as officers realize that Lawrence (and, by derivation, Marcum) is the law in the military.

Feudi, I really don’t see how you figure that this is an issue of whether a school decides to take money or not. The court did not rely on the spending clause.

Larry, at 9:10 am EST on March 9, 2006

Too bad nobody seems to look at how the underlying reason for all this, the “don’t ask don’t tell policy” effects the military at the small unit level, where unit cohesion is a must , especially in times of war. High-minded individuals such as Mr. Bowen don’t seem to ever consider what it is like to be in a rifle squad in combat with 12 other men on who you depend on for your life. Unit cohesion must be maintained for effective fighting power, and all aspects that contibute to hurting moral must be reduced or eliminted if possible. Right or wrong, knowing that another male is openly gay will most likely lead to some conflict within a group of 20-something males, period. Let’s not let multiculturalism and diversity override the need for the safety and mission of our armed forces. Keep what is best for the person in the “trenches” in mind.

Matt, at 11:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

There’s law, and then there’s policy

The fact that the Solomon decision was unanimous, with reliably liberal justices like Stevens, Ginsburg, Souter, and Breyer not dissenting from any aspect of Roberts’ opinion, indicates that the legal reasoning of FAIR (along with Bowen’s AAUP amicus brief) was decidedly without merit.

But just because the Solomon Amendment is legal doesn’t mean it’s good public policy, and those who oppose it will have to do so in the political arena, where, frankly, there’s not much likelihood of overturning it, times being what they are.

In 1983, the Supreme Court ruled in Bob Jones University v. U.S. that the Federal Government could deny tax-exempt status from the school on account of its ban on interracial dating. As deplorable as the school’s policy was, I thought at the time that those who cheered the decision would have cause to repent of the fact that the ruling established that the federal financial lever could be used if not to deny, but as least to powerfully influence, rights of association, speech, and religion. While the Jones decision did not play any direct role in the Solomon case, I can still hear its echoes.

jem, at 11:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

Don’t worry about it, Larry

Thanks for offering me your law books, but I have my own, which clarify some confusion here. Your remark to Feudi is confused because he makes reference in his post to sanctions under the Solomon Amendment, not to the spending clause. Statutory law and the Constitution are very different. Gotta love those law books.

JBM, at 11:25 am EST on March 9, 2006

The Sky Is (not) Falling!

[sotto voce] When you’ve blown all credibility with a legal argument that gets soundly rejected even by the liberal justices, don’t re-double the bet.

The sky isn’t falling. Academic freedom isn’t imperiled. Law school job fairs are not how univerisities express themselves. Never have been. No one believes that the law schools vouch for the social practices of the potential employers. There are law firms with zero black partners and the law schools are falling all over themselves to get those firms to the school. There are left wing employers and right wing employers and “we ignore politics and focus on profits” employers, etc. It’s a *job fair* not a symposium or mission statement.

The author would have been wiser to adopt the other strategy we’re seeing post-smackdown: say “we knew we would lose but are proud to have made the argument.” That one has a veneer of dignity, but it raises the troubling question, “if that’s so, why’d you try to deceive me by arguing something you now say you knew was a loser?”

The irony here is that if FAIR had won, Title IX (which is far more “coercive” than the Solomon Act) should be seen as infringing on the rights of Bob Jones U. Now, that’s an argument with some weight behind it. I can’t imagine the political left (which includes me) would have been happy with that result.

bernardooboyle, at 11:40 am EST on March 9, 2006

I served with gay people in the Army in the sixties. The then WAC Corps had many gay women in it. Many male clerks, cooks, and medics were gay. At the time, there didn’t seem much of a push to ease them out. And it generally didn’t seem to bother the average soldier either.

I don’t condone exclusing gays from the military, but I think the services are slowly including them on a more formal basis. I don’t buy the small unit argument. Women routinely win combat awards in Iraq— and it doesn’t demoralize the units they’re in.

We need to encourage military recruiters on campus.

Henry Vandenburgh, at 3:55 pm EST on March 9, 2006

Mr. Vandenburgh,Women do not serve in front line combat units in the Marines or Army. Of course many have and do serve with honor and do a fine job. But to say that women are not a distraction within a mostly (previously all) male unit is nonsense, in fact I’ll contend they would even be more of a ditraction than openly gay men. Don’t believe me? Check into the latest shipboard pregnacy rates in the Navy among other indicators. Not only should women never be allowed in combat units, but a good argument could be made that they should be excluded from direct-support units as well. (Remember the Jessica Lynch fiasco?) If we ever get into another total war (WWII was the last one we saw) or even an all out fourth-generation war, our enemy will make capuring women at or near the front a priority, because they know our efforts to protect and rescue them will reduce our fighting power.

Matt, at 8:45 am EST on March 10, 2006

Riddled with errors

“The U.S. military. . . claims that its rights to see potential recruits in law schools. . . trump the rights of universities to be true to their mission.”

False. It claims that if your university is going to accept federal funding, it has to let military recruiters into the law school.

“In some circles, such threats are called extortion[.]”

False. Extortion is the compelling of an action by illegal means such as force or coercion. The federal government threatens to cut off highway funding for states that allow drinking below 21, and that’s not extortion.

“[I]t is your conduct, son, not the logic of your argument that offends; obey or no dinner.”

False. A correct analogy would be “it is your conduct, son, not the content of your speech that offends; obey or no dinner.”

“The Roberts court ignores this tradition of academic common law[.]"What “tradition of academic common law"? Do you mean law made by universities? I’m afraid something called the “Global Colloquium of University Presidents” (now there’s a group with authority!) does not make the common law in this country. The courts do. Just because a bunch of presidents get together in Manhattan and proclaim that they have the freedom to teach whatever they want does not mean they can keep our tax money and discriminate against military recruiters at the same time when we have made doing the one dependent on not doing the other.

The court “asserts that universities are “free” to determine their mission, including one that forbids discrimination, but only if they are willing to forgo access to the people’s money, the very funding that subsidizes new knowledge, new discoveries, and new policies, all for the purpose of assisting the public good.”

Nothing wrong there, and the sentence doesn’t make any claim, either. Everyone knows that the people’s money subsidizes new knowledge, and that the people are free to attach reasonable strings to it if they want.

You need to go back and read the opinion again and try to come up with a legal argument against it. Fluffy complaints about “academic common law” (whatever that is) aren’t going to cut it.

Comment, at 3:05 pm EST on March 13, 2006

Rumsfeld v. FAIR is fair

First of all, career events are held for the benefit of the institution’s students, not for the benefit of the faculty or administration. While most law school faculty and many law school students may object to the presence of military recruiters on campus, I find it hard to believe that 100% of any law school campus objects to their presence. Indeed, recruiters would not waste their time and energy trying to recruit at a place where no one is interested in their opportunities.

Secondly, allowing recruiters on campus does not force the faculty, administration or opposing students, to support the mission or recruiting criteria of the Department of Defense. They are free to publicize their objections both inside and outside the classroom. In fact, at a recent Job & Internship Fair that I coordinated at my University, I offered both our anti-war organization and our LGBT organization, the opportunity to staff tables and distribute their literature at the career event and in our career center. Through this arrangement, students interested in careers as military officers were able to talk to recruiters about their programs and opportunities and students, faculty, and community members opposed to the military are free to express their opposition. The law schools comprising “FAIR” are free to do the same.

Norman S. Stahl, Ph.D., Director, Career Services at A Public 4-Year, at 5:40 pm EST on March 14, 2006

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