News, Views and Careers for All of Higher Education
Jan. 18, 2007
Higher education is still the route to gaining credentials for having acquired new skills and knowledge. But sometimes college-level skills and knowledge are acquired not in a classroom at a college or university, but on a job or through independent study.
Take Roger: As a former service member of the armed forces, Roger was given training in computer programming and systems design so he could carry out his duties. He developed so much computer know-how, in fact, that after leaving the military, he secured a job working as a Systems Analyst. In this job, too, Roger acquired a great deal of knowledge – enough to write technical manuals and design Web-based systems using Java Script, HTML and Lotus Notes.
But while Roger has marketable skills, he does not yet have the formal degree in Information Systems Management that he needs to move up in his career. When exploring his educational options, Roger realized that many higher education institutions would require him to start from scratch and enroll in lower-level computer classes. This, to him, felt like an enormous waste of both time and tuition dollars. One institution, however, offered him something different: the chance to demonstrate what he knew and have it evaluated for college credit toward a degree.
Prior Learning Assessment, or PLA, as it is commonly called, is a process through which over half of American colleges and universities evaluate and award credit for learning that is acquired outside of the classroom — and only when specially trained faculty determine that the learning is similar in content, depth, and breadth to college-level learning.
Since 1974, the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (CAEL), a national nonprofit organization, has been establishing and disseminating standards for PLA, training faculty evaluators, and carrying out research on the outcomes of these efforts. In the last several years, we have begun to see states and employers become interested in PLA as an economic development strategy: PLA can help more working adults acquire postsecondary degrees faster and cheaper — and a higher level of educational attainment can be a boost for a state’s economy. For example, an Inside Higher Ed article a few months ago reported that Gov. Edward G. Rendell is urging Pennsylvania colleges and universities to give adult and working students academic credit for learning from their previous experience in the work place.
While PLA is a great way to address the challenge of raising the educational attainment level of the workforce, it often generates some concern — and even cries of alarm — in traditional higher education circles. As one reader wrote in response to the article on Governor Rendell’s support for PLA, “It seems like degree-for-purchase. Experience and formal education are two different and important credentials.”
Such criticism is understandable, since anything that resembles a scheme to simply amass credits for the right price would undermine the entire educational system. But it is important to understand some key facts about PLA that distinguish it from these kinds of questionable schemes.
1. Credits Are Awarded for College-Level Learning, Not for Experience. One of the common misconceptions about PLA is that it is awarding credit for a person’s life or work experience. (The Inside Higher Ed article mistakenly defined PLA that way as well.) One of CAEL’s key PLA standards is that credit should never be granted for experience alone, but rather for the learning that results from experience. The focus is on the learning outcome, not the path used to get there. In some ways, then, PLA credit is more rigorously awarded than are some traditional credits from courses, which are occasionally granted for seat time as much as for actual student performance or learning gains.
2. Credits Are Awarded Only for College-Level Learning. It is not enough to say that someone learned how to repair a car’s engine and therefore should get credit for that. The learning must be something that would normally be taught in a college level course. This makes it difficult for someone to gain credit for raising a family or helping a sick family member. A PLA evaluator is looking for learning that is at the college level and that is transferable to many different contexts. Also scrutinized by the evaluator is whether the learning that was gained has an appropriate balance between theory and application.
3. PLA Practitioners and Assessors Are Well Trained. PLA credit is not awarded by just anyone on the faculty, but by professionals who are trained to adhere to national standards and guidelines and who are familiar with the steps, tools and procedures in the PLA process. They are also well trained in the process of Portfolio Development that leads to the recognition of learning for credit.
4. PLA Practitioners Adhere to Nationally Established Guidelines and Processes. Colleges and universities who want to ensure that the credits they award are transferable to other institutions follow nationally established guidelines and adhere to national standards for PLA. For example, CAEL and several of the regional accrediting commissions have developed guidelines for PLA, and several national educational organizations – the American Council on Education (ACE), the Council on Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), and the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO) – have published a Joint Statement on the Transfer and Award of Credit that addresses PLA. Higher education institutions who adhere to these standards are using rigorous processes to evaluate learning. They, more than anyone else, understand how important it is that their credits have meaning and value. A rigorous process is vital for making sure that remains the case.
5. Fees Are Based on the Evaluation Service Provided, Not on the Number of Credits Awarded. Though there are some institutions that charge fees based on the number of credits awarded, CAEL strongly advocates that institutions charge PLA fees based on the number of credits to be evaluated, or based on a flat fee. This ensures that institutions do not award a greater number of credits in order to generate more tuition revenue.
PLA is far too rigorous a process to be seen as an easy credit handout. In fact, it is such a rigorous process that many adults think it would have been easier to just “take the course and get an easy grade.” And colleges must have a way to respond to the needs of people like Roger, for whom not having a formal degree is a real roadblock.
Thanks to PLA, Roger was able to apply his computer knowledge to upper level college credits in courses such as Systems Analysis and Design, Project Management and Technical Writing. He is now further along in his quest for a degree than he would otherwise be. All because PLA gave him a leg up, not a hand out.
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“Giving ‘Prior Learning’ Its Due” should also include educational experience gained in the workforce while enrolled in higher education. See the many references on academic credit for cooperative education http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_education available on the WWW.
Richard Melia, at 8:20 am EST on January 18, 2007
As noted on The Wall Street Journal editorial page —
http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110009535
Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Michael Dell have shown that, even though you wouldn’t be allowed to teach in a college, you can manage to make a decent living.
What is weird and absurd is how a battle-tested combat medic with a GED and an IQ of 110 couldn’t be admitted to a medical school — but money-grubbers and geeks are (as well as true humanitarian types).
That’s creditialism for you, a present of the U.S. legal system, that rewards endurance rather than experience.
Clayton Bigsby, at 8:35 am EST on January 18, 2007
The assessment of prior learning predates, and can now be strengthened by, the use of electronic portfolios. Academic programs that use portfolios to monitor and guide student progress toward a degree ought to consider procedures that would allow students to interpret and include learning outside their formal coursework in order to demonstrate competence. If the degree includes a need to demonstrate communications competence, for example, the student should be able to include exhibits from the workplace as well as from courses.
Steve Ehrmann, Dir., Flashlight Program at The TLT Group, at 10:40 am EST on January 18, 2007
Worldwide (adjective) Vancouver University has granted credit for credible prior learning assessment for 36 years. We actually commenced a few months before Excelsior (then Regents) and Thomas Edison State College, etc. The credibility of our programs is to be readily noted at htt://www.VancouverUniversity.ca/alumni.php Our problem, however, is summarized in thethird text paragraph at http://www.WorldwideUniversity.edu/worldu.php
Because of this problem, we are regularly defamed by people like Contreras, Bear, and public-sector union activists in Canada. We get silly remarks like one in Wikipedia saying that we have been controversial in the “national” (i.e. US) media — when in fact all that happened in that context was that USA Today simply parroted Contreras’ ODA list. It later published a correction — but only in print, not on-line! The copy-cat process in the United States means that Contreras’ list is repeated by various state and other agencies, without any research into how valid or invalid it is to defame us insuch context.
We have supported PLAR for 36 years. We would like a little support back inturn.
Raymond Spencer Rodgers PhD
Raymond Spencer Rodgers PhD, President at Worldwide (adjective) Vancouver University Colleges Society, at 5:05 pm EST on January 19, 2007
In response to Jonathan Dresner, challenge exams require candidates to demonstrate their expertise in a new piece of assessment, whereas PLA recognises expertise in previous activities which may not be in a conventional educational setting.
PLA is, however, very time-consuming for the assessor and often for the candidate, and depending on the type of PLA, can expect considerable skill of candidates in preparing their portfolios.
Challenge exams may therefore be more efficient than PLA. However, I’m not confident that I would pass a challenge exam in all the areas in which I claim expertise and in which I passed conventional college exams 2 decades ago.
Gavin, Principal Policy Adviser at Griffith University, Australia, at 8:51 am EST on January 20, 2007
As innovations such as distance education and the for-profit/proprietary school have served to widen access to traditionally underserved populations, especially the adult learner, the PLA has the potential to do the same. We heartily support the notion that significant learning can and does take place outside of the traditional classroom. Hopefully the PLA concept will continue to gain acceptance.
eLearners.com, at 3:55 pm EST on January 21, 2007
In an early comment it was stated that PLA is not something new, that students have been allowed to challenge the course through exams. This is true, in many, if not most good colleges.
However PLA does not, if done right (I believe) have to conform to the course analogue model. That is, a student may get credit for learning that s/he has gained at work, for example, so long as it is college-level learning, so long as it is demonstrated by the student, and for us at Empire State College, so long as it fits into a degree program that has coherence.
Breaking free of the idea that a student’s learning in HR, for example, is only creditable if it mirrors my course in HR, is a key to good PLA. It may be that the student’s learning can more appropriately be called “Topics In Human Relations Management", if it doesn’t have the breadth of a typical HR course, but nonetheless has significantly more learning in several areas of HR, and in a perhaps more applied or professional focus.
We need to let our adult students know that we intend to evaluate their legitmate claims for experiential learning,...certainly not their experience,...and certainly not limited to the courses that we happen to offer. ..Darrell Leavitt Plattsburgh,NY UnitSUNY/ Empire State College
Darrell Leavitt, Mentor/Coordinator at SUNY/Empire State College, at 5:15 pm EST on January 21, 2007
In a world where the non-traditional student is becoming a standard, colleges and universities need to consider how to accommodate this growing segment of their population.
Prior Learning Assessment is one solution. Just as an undergraduate student cannot take the same class twice due to duplication of material covered, an adult student should not have to take a course for college credit in an area that they have already gained proficiency.
Traditionalist will argue that college credits are only earned in a classroom. Historically, this is where college credits are earned. However, with a growing population of adult students that need to balance work, family and school, other forms of learning need to be considered. Most working adults have learned through application on the job and in life. Applied learning is a very valuable form of learning that often cannot be achieved in the classroom.
Offering credit for prior learning is encouraging to the adult student as it decreases the amount of time they will need to complete their degree and also ensures that they will be completing classes that they truly need.
Kathleen Gorski, Continuing Education Director, at 5:25 am EST on January 24, 2007
Prior Learning Assessment (PLA) makes good business sense for colleges building adult student enrollment.
As higher education institutions strive to increase enrollments, targeting the adult population has become very popular and lucrative. Adult learners are typically committed and motivated, live locally and persist at higher rates than the typical undergraduate population. In comparison to traditional undergraduate students, adult students have more disposable income and, if employed, may be receiving funds from their employers. This is an attractive market to target as post-secondary institutions are trying to maximize their resources including space and faculty, because adult learners are available during evenings and weekends.
PLAs open up post-secondary learning opportunities that were not an option for adults two decades ago. Formal recognition for learning in the workplace is a critical recruitment tool for higher education institutions as it has great value to adults, workforce development agencies, and local employers.
Colleges that are increasing adult enrollments would benefit from using PLAs to appeal to the local workforce. Incorporating PLAs into standard admissions practices would be beneficial for both the institution and the adult student.
Margaret Stemler, at 5:25 am EST on January 24, 2007
Adults learn continuously; besides, many have gained significant experience in their current professional role, life, and through personal growth. Occasionally, portion of that learning is parallel to college level. Prior Learning Assessment (PLA) is an excellent tool for assessing and recognizing competencies, knowledge, and skills that individuals develop through work experience. However, adult learners receive credit for the knowledge gained, not for the experience itself. In addition, credits are awarded for verifiable college-level learning earned through life or work experience. This complex and time-consuming assessment helps potentially qualified people evaluate their prior learning to discover its equivalency to college level learning.
As a health care faculty at a community college, I encounter many students who gained a momentous clinical competence through work experience. Several students applying to health career programs are working at various health facilities; moreover, developing proficiency equivalent to college level courses. For example, certain students applying to nursing and respiratory care programs are either nursing assistants or medical assistants who gained knowledge in basic patient assessment; therefore, those students typically receive advanced standing in the program. Nevertheless, as educators we should encourage students to take advantage of PLA or other assessment tools that ethically evaluate student’s competencies, skills, and knowledge.
Peter Jaswilko, Director of Clinical Education at Triton College, at 5:25 am EST on January 24, 2007
As the author of CAEL’s publication, Earn College Credit for What you Know (4th edition/Kendall-Hunt Publisher), I appreciated the article’s emphasis on the CAEL standards for the assessment of prior learning.
In addition to the portfolio methods, many colleges offer both in-house “challenge exams” and national exams such as CLEP or DSST for the assessment of prior learning. In addition, ACE (American Council on Education) has evaluated training, certifications and military records (see: www.acenet.edu).
PLA standards are not followed by diploma mills. For an excellent fact sheet on diploma mills by CHEA (Council for Higher Ed Accreditation), see:http://www.chea.org/pdf/fact_sheet_6_diploma_mills.pdf
Janet Colvin, author
Earn College Credit for What you Know, 4th Edition (CAEL Publication)
http://www.kendallhunt.com/ecc4
Janet Colvin, PLA Consultant, at 6:45 pm EST on January 24, 2007
Prior Learning Assessment is a worthwhile and needed effort. Let’s face it: It is expensive to attend school in present day America and those costs are not decreasing. Yet, everyone from the president to the community activist rightly encourages people to pursue a post-secondary education, regardless of age, race, gender, or ethnicity. What then is the harm in presenting an opportunity for people who have gained college level knowledge via life and work experience to ask that their prior efforts be evaluated for credit, in lieu of them taking and paying for a class that would likely result in boredom and a lack of new knowledge? More power to PLA! The government has authorized federal tax cuts for costs related to education, and institutions are constantly being urged to initiate cost-cutting measures for their consumers – the students. PLA is an opportunity to do just that, while encouraging more students to take advantage of a formal education and only pay for the classes that they really need.
I do not agree that students should be given academic credit for life experience alone. However, it is absolutely justifiable to award prior college level credit based on a recognized and well respected method of evaluation.
In addition to the acceptance of transfer credit from accredited institutions, the university for which I work offers students the opportunity to gain exemption from taking certain courses by taking proficiency exams. After careful review of documents such as transcripts or proofs of certification for a particular computer program or otherwise, an advisor can adhere to a student’s request to take a proficiency exam for a certain class. The proficiency exam is based on the final exam for the actual class and the student cannot have previously enrolled in the class. A student can only take proficiency exams for a maximum of two classes per semester. Yet, if he or she achieves an 80% or better on the exam, he or she will not have to take the class. The student will only get one chance at exam success. At $500 per credit hour for a class, the opportunity to take a proficiency exam for classes that one may not need is very appreciative.
Connie Shipman, Ed. D. in Leadership student, Higher Education Administration at Argosy University, at 4:30 am EST on January 25, 2007
According to the report of the Commission appointed by Secretary of Education, A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S Higher Education (2006), posted on http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports/final-report.pdf , one of the recommendations of the Commission is to develop a national strategy which “would result in better and more flexible learning opportunities” for adult learners (p.26). I think that the Prior Learning Assessment (PLA) is fitting the Commission recommendation. Many adult learners who, similarly to Roger, have experience but not the formal education will find it more attractive to pursue a degree knowing that they do not have to spent time and money for classes they do not need. Time and money are probably one of the most important factors which are keeping the adult learners away from the formal degree seeking programs. Giving them the chance to save some of the troubles will attract more motivated students to colleges and universities. According to this article the program exist since1974. I am wonder why it was not widely advertised? Do universities avoid accepting the PLA credits? From my own experience as an adult student I had to take a class, “Student Teaching”, while working as a teacher with five years of experience. I felt as I had to pay for my own labor (teaching summer school). I did not know that the possibility of getting PLA credits existed. In the era of higher education institutions competing for students and graduation rates accounted for “good reputation”, colleges and universities should explore possibilities the market of mature and motivated adult students offer. Accepting the PLA credits might open a new successful trend for college education. Many adults who shay away from college might choose to purse a formal degree when they will find that they do not have to spend their time and money for classes they do not need.
Bozena Suwary, Ed.D student at Argosy University in Schaumburg, at 7:40 pm EST on January 28, 2007
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Most institutions I’ve served at had some form of “credit by exam” whereby someone who’d taken courses elsewhere that didn’t transfer, or had otherwise already covered course material, could get credit by passing something like a comprehensive final exam for the course.
How is this different?
Jonathan Dresner, at 7:30 am EST on January 18, 2007