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Stop Telling Foreign Scholars to Stay Home

For decades foreign scholars have visited the United States to meet with their counterparts in this country, to present a paper at an academic conference, or to take up an appointment at an American college or university. These visits have been immeasurably beneficial to this country in advancing knowledge in all academic fields and in strengthening ties with other nations.

Under the current administration these visits have continued, but as evidenced by a series of visa decisions over the past three years, the administration’s commitment to the free exchange of ideas has been alarmingly weak.

In August 2004, the administration revoked a visa that had earlier been issued to Professor Tariq Ramadan, a Swiss citizen and a renowned scholar of the Muslim world, to begin an appointment as a tenured professor at the University of Notre Dame. Ramadan had previously been able to travel freely to the United States, and currently he has an appointment at the University of Oxford and is serving as an advisor on anti-terrorism policies to the British government.

In responding to a lawsuit filed by the American Association of University Professors and other organizations in behalf of Ramadan, government lawyers said that Ramadan had not been denied entry because of his views about terrorism, contrary to what the government initially stated, but refused to specify why or to act on the visa. And then, in response to a federal court’s ruling that was skeptical that a sound legal basis exists for the administration’s continuing to deny entry to Ramadan, the government told Ramadan that it declined to renew his visa application because he had donated some $900 to two Palestinian relief organizations that in turn gave money to Hamas, a designated terrorist organization. Ramadan had previously disclosed these donations to U.S. consular officials.

In September 2004, the Department of State denied visas to 65 Cuban scholars one week before they were to participate in a conference sponsored by the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) to be held in Las Vegas. The blanket visa denials were unprecedented in their scope; a State Department spokesperson said that the action was “consistent with the overall tightening of our policy” toward Cuba. The department took the same action in March 2006 against 55 Cuban scholars who were to have attended a LASA conference in Puerto Rico.

In June 2005, Professor Waskar Ari, a citizen of Bolivia, learned that he was not to be issued a visa and therefore could not begin his faculty appointment at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln that fall. Like Ramadan, Ari had been a frequent visitor to the United States, where he obtained his Ph.D. in history. The administration has given no explanation for this decision.

A year later, in June 2006, government officials barred Professor John Milios of Greece from entering the country to attend an academic conference at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Milios, who had been in this country on five separate occasions between 1996 and 2003, was halted at JFK international airport, where he was questioned about his beliefs and associations. He reports having undergone similar questioning by the American consul in Athens when he returned to Greece.

The most recent incident occurred in October 2006, when Professor Adam Habib, a citizen of South Africa, was, like Melios, denied entry into the country upon his arrival at JFK airport. He had been scheduled to meet with officers of the Social Science Research Council, Columbia University, the National Institutes of Health, and the World Bank. A frequent visitor to the United States, Habib initially thought that perhaps he was mistakenly barred entry because he had once been detained as a political prisoner under South Africa’s apartheid regime. He abandoned the notion of bureaucratic error when the American consulate in Johannesburg informed his wife in early January of the State Department’s extraordinary decision to revoke her visa and those of their two small children for travel to this country.

No doubt these visa-denial decisions are colored by circumstances particular to each one. For example, the administration’s refusing entry to Cuban scholars, like its Cuban policy more broadly, has been heavily influenced by anti-Castro politics in Florida, a factor not at play in the other visa decisions.

The common thread in these decisions is that in none of them has the administration questioned the reasons given by the foreign scholars for visiting the U.S. as being false or even suspect. At a time of genuine concern about threats to national security, it is perhaps not surprising when the government overreaches in guarding our borders. Certainly this administration is not the first to keep foreign scholars out of the country. But a bad practice is not improved by repeating it.

The administration, instead of instilling confidence that it knows what it is doing to stop foreign visitors from harming us, invites cynicism when it bars scholars who wish to enter this country for legitimate academic reasons. With these decisions, it hampers our ability to learn from those whose experiences and knowledge can enrich our understanding of vital issues.

These visa decisions also teach the wrong lessons to foreign scholars. Barred from entering the country without explanation or for reasons that defy common sense, they are left with the impression that our government fears ideas almost as much as it fears bombs. That may be a false impression, but the administration has only itself to blame for decisions that encourage this kind of thinking.

Various groups have sharply criticized the government’s decisions in specific cases, but every opportunity should be pursued to remind the academic community and those outside it of the basic and central point that keeping legitimate scholars out of the country damages freedom. Also needed is more effective Congressional oversight of the visa process and of visa decisions that may impair the free circulation of ideas. And positive action by both the executive branch and Congress on new visa recommendations proposed by a coalition of organizations may help guard against the misuse of the visa system.

Plainly the government should erect high barriers to thwart real threats to the nation’s security. But it should abandon barriers to the visits of foreign scholars to this country and encourage the freest possible international movement of scholars and ideas. Such a policy could be a powerful means of enhancing the nation’s well-being.

Jonathan Knight directs the program in academic freedom and tenure for the American Association of University Professors

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Comments

A solution?

At at time when the U.S. working-class seriously questions how productively its tax dollars are spent — an immediate solution to the issue raised by the authors would be to increase visa fees.

This would be especially necessary when increased oversight is required (e.g., Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria).

Is freedom free? Ask the great unwashed, the working-class. They’re a lot wiser than most academics give them credit for.

B.D., at 6:00 am EST on February 12, 2007

International relations are reciprocal — skyrocketing visa fees may eventually hurt U.S. working class and thus may not be a thoughtful solution ... why not tax tobacco companies and other trans-national tycoons more?

Ed, at 7:50 am EST on February 12, 2007

Violating Academic Freedom Via Visa

The comment about raising visa fees makes absolutely no sense, since it costs taxpayers substantial amounts of money to violate the freedom of scholars in this way; we could save a lot of money by recognizing that these scholars pose no threat at all. The investigations against them, as with Ramadan, consist solely of inquiring into their beliefs, not of any possibility of any physical threat.

It should also be noted that the Bush Administration’s campaign seems to exclusively target left-of-center scholars, and this exclusion via visa represents some of the worst attacks on academic freedom in American colleges. After all, the rare case of a speaker being banned from a campus (typically at religious colleges) or a professor being fired by one college cannot compare in severity to all colleges in the country being banned by the government from hearing a particular scholar.

Finally, a short correction to Knight’s otherwise excellent article. It must be pointed out that the Palestinian charity to which Ramadan donated money is not designated as a terrorist group in France, and also was not designated as a terrorist group by the United States at the time of the donation. The notion that you can be held responsible for any future designations of a group you previously donated to is absurd. It is also troubling that the US designation of terrorist groups is done with remarkably little evidence, oversight, or appeal.

John Wilson, at 8:05 am EST on February 12, 2007

Visa fee, tax, and foreigners

The person who talks about raising visa fees does not know that it is already too much. He should note that too much is drawn from foreigners seeking visa to the US before the decision to deny or grant visa is made. One has to pay while making the application as application fee. The American consuls in foreign embassies and their counterparts in the INS/USCIS within the American soil consider themselves the czars of destiny of these so-called third worlders “dying” to get a piece of the perfect (!) american pie. But because no american citizen has to go through this hassle, it is never really raised in the american media. This article tries to raise it very mildly with respect to a few well-known cases and there is already some resistance.As the article mentions, scholars (AAUP mostly) need to stop their complacency and complicity and take a more pro-active approach so that visa procedure is more transparent and the involved bureaucracy more accountable.

foreign traveller, at 9:25 am EST on February 12, 2007

The application fee for a visa is the same worldwide and corresponds to the operating costs for the consular sections and embassies abroad.If the US really wanted to make some money with visas, they should allow for “bonded visas,” where people denied tourist or work visas could put up a bond for the duration of their stay. If they obey the law and leave as they said they would, they get the money back. If they break the law (either by overstaying or committing any other crime), the government keeps their money, and can legally kick them out. Australia does this successfully.

wm, at 9:25 am EST on February 12, 2007

Stop the Nonsense and issue Visas

To the Foreign Traveler…

Amen Amen Amen. You really hit it right on the nose. “American consuls in foreign embassies and their counterparts in the INS/USCIS within the American soil consider themselves the czars of destiny of these so-called third worlders “dying” to get a piece of the perfect (!) American pie.” They really think and behave as they are actually GODS of destiny.

And this is exactly what King Bush, ops, sorry, President Bush policy is all about. It is about taking us here in America 300 years backward and throwing all our freedom rights and our constitution and what America really stands for down the drain. We are America and we are the symbol of freedom, tolerance, justice, forgiveness, and equality. Let us all protect and support these values. Let us stop the nonsense and stop hiding behind a phantom called “Anti-Terrorism”.

I am very impressed with the article. Thank you Mr. Knight for bringing it up.

NSA, Assistant Prof. at SSCT, at 10:20 am EST on February 12, 2007

Not Quite.

“At at time when the U.S. working-class seriously questions how productively its tax dollars are spent — an immediate solution to the issue raised by the authors would be to increase visa fees.”

No.

The raising of visa fees would make the problem worse, for now a person not only has to worry about how thier politics will be viewed but will have to concern themselves with ponying up the extra cash. The individuals who were given trouble by the government presumably had the cash for the visa, but their entry was barred for almost certainly political reasons. The issue of visa fees is only marginally relevant to the issue at hand.

“Is freedom free?”

No, and in fact requires incredible, constant effort to learn and grow intellectually. Most of this learning requires that one go out and encounter different views and new experiences; foreign travel by people in general is essential for the system to work. Ignorance is weakness.

By the way, it should not be difficult for an American, “unwashed” or not, to rattle off multiple names of foreign scholars, intellectuals and scientists that have made the country what it is today.

Joseph C., at 3:30 pm EST on February 12, 2007

Another Side Of This Issue

I am certainly no fan of Bush administration policies vis-a-vis the so-called “war” against terrorism, but (1) including Mr. Knight’s essay in InsideHigherEd proves little beyond the fact that IHE must be running out of material and has begun to rehash its rehash of old stuff and (2) there is a lot more to this issue than who happens to be the object of an AAUP law suit this week.

Not that anyone should be proud of how his visa was handled, but how many times must we hear the same ol’/same ol’ about Professor Ramadan? Of course everyone who had a hand in that situation is either a paranoid dork or is using available leverage to “mold” the character of the academy. So sue them , Mr. Knight, and let’s move on.

And in that other case, and quite independent of the substance of the situation, who would expect an American administration – Republican or Democrat – to exhibit a rational reaction to anything related to Cuba? Cut me some slack!

That said, here are two examples illustrating why it may make sense for us to have somewhat restrictive government policies regarding the influx of foreign “scholars” into the United States.

First, three years ago a small business school in the Lower Shenandoah Valley — in conjunction with its aspirations to develop a Chinese connection — created a business education program for Chinese business people who would come to the U.S. take a few mini-courses, tour several business environments, go back to China, and put their newly acquired knowledge to work. Some time later the process would be repeated ... and repeated ... and eventually the school would carve out its niche in international education in China (so-called globalization).

The first cohort of thirteen Chinese business people struggled through the visa process (the school’s timing left a great deal to be desired) and arrived on campus for their first two-week experience. Everything seemed to be progressing wonderfully until the thirteen were delivered to Kennedy International Airport in New York and only two boarded the plane back to China. And the rest ... well your guess is as good as anyone’s. But you may be certain that not all of the illegal aliens residing in the U.S. are Hispanic.

Second, there is – at least from my personal perspective – the “problem” of so many of these young scholars in mathematics staying here in the U.S. I certainly believe that if they want to stay, we should welcome them with open arms. The idea of limiting the participation of these scholars is a throwback to an earlier, protectionist era,”

In the process of job-hunting in recent years, however, I have waaaay more on-line visits to departments of mathematics, statistics, and statistics and management science (operations management) than you can shake a stick at. I can pick faculties like the two in the URLs below almost at random. Take a quick look at the two lists of faculty (you can get a sense of national origin by checking where they got their undergraduate degrees) and tell me what it says about the influx of scholars in mathematics and science education into the United States.

http://www.siue.edu/MATH/faculty.html

http://admin.business.uconn.edu/p.../preview/previewPage.aspx?pageid=204

And, of course, this is all in the face of the fact that the mathematics departments of universities in the U.S. are producing an over-abundance of Ph.D.s.

There is one of Mr. Knight’s points with which I would like to take issue. He wrote, “These visa decisions also teach the wrong lessons to foreign scholars. Barred from entering the country without explanation or for reasons that defy common sense, they are left with the impression that our government fears ideas almost as much as it fears bombs. That may be a false impression, but the administration has only itself to blame for decisions that encourage this kind of thinking.”

I’m afraid, Mr. Knight, you have been sitting in your office in Washington far too long. The next time you’re strolling across the Mall, just blink your eyes and, when you open them, you’ll surely see an instance of our government fearing ideas more than almost anything. Blink again ... same thing. And again ... same thing. Good grief, just read the Spellings’ Commission Report ... or sit in on any of the myriad faculty meetings taking place this week at universities across the land ... or check your own organization’s web-site. That will surely convince you that there’s a deadly fear of ideas in this country ... PERIOD. You don’t have to turn a foreign scholar’s visa application into a Catch-22 nightmare to demonstrate that.

Frizbane Manley, at 4:16 pm EST on February 12, 2007

US scholars not welcome

It seems that current US visa policies are beginning to take a toll on US scholars ability to go abroad...

http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/23071.html

Snusmumriken, at 11:50 am EST on February 13, 2007

This is just the ongoing national psychosis that is still working its way out of the attack of 9/11/2001. The mental wagons are circled, the current administration dreams it is living out the end times via the Book of Revelations, and things are just a bit loopy here in the Land of the Free.

I work trying to get University students in here to study on visas and they seem all to be treated as terrorists until proven otherwise. I can only hope the world is patient with us for the next 2 years until we can get someone more sensible in the White House. Jeb Bush need not apply.

Neal, at 10:45 am EST on February 15, 2007

visas

Until we ban what these scholars have written, I’d say this is a tempest in a teapot having nothing to do with a fear of ideas. Do academics actually need these sorts of “junkets” at all? Probably about as much as U.S. senators and congressmen need them. It might be nice, but it ain’t necessary. It would save a lot of petroleum if everyone just stayed home for a while. The rationale behind the [most likely temporary] “ban” on foreign scholars is probably just this: with our borders so porous, and the fear of terrorism well-founded, we are [or should be]expending an awful lot of extra energy keeping track of who has come here. The honest people who actually apply for visas are just the easiest, bureaucratically, to limit!

j h keller, artist, at 4:56 pm EST on February 16, 2007

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