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Indies Under Fire

Last week, the Borders chain — which in 30 years has grown from a single used bookshop largely serving students at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to a global empire, with stores in the U.K. and Australia among other places — announced that it would be undertaking a major restructuring. Its new strategic plan will (in the words of a press release) “revitalize, refocus, and ultimately reinvent the company to achieve its mission to be a headquarters for knowledge and entertainment.”

Intellectual Affairs

So much for the usual nourishing corporate baloney. When you see that many “re-“ formations in an official statement, it’s a pretty reliable sign that steep cuts are planned. And so they are, in the wake of losses of more than $73 million that Borders suffered in 2006. Over the next year or two, Borders will close nearly half of its remaining Waldenbooks outlets in shopping malls (having already shut down a fifth of them in 2006) and scale back its overseas operations. It will also end its relationship with Amazon – clearing the way for “the debut of a new proprietary e-commerce site in early 2008.”

One provision of the new strategic plan is a call for “increasing effectiveness of merchandise presentation.” The press release does not give details, but somehow it bring to mind an image of life-size animatronic displays of Ann Coulter and Al Gore waving copies of their books.

Perhaps things won’t go quite that far. But it’s clear that moving beyond the familiar, pre-digital model of book buying is on the Borders agenda. “A new technology-heavy concept store that has been in development since late 2006 will open in early 2008,” according to an article in The New York Times. “Borders also promised to introduce ‘digital centers’ in its stores that will allow customers to buy audio books, MP3 players, and electronic books.”

All of which goes into the file for an essay that might be called – with a nod to Anthony Trollope – “The Way We Read Now.” If you doubt that Borders has had a profound effect, not just on the book trade, but on how readers interact with one another and with texts, then keep an eye out for a remarkable new documentary called “Indies Under Fire: The Battle for the American Bookstore.” It has been making the rounds of film festivals and been screened at libraries and bookshops, and a trailer for it is available online.

When a DVD copy of the film arrived a few weeks ago, it sat on my desk for a while before I found the will to pop it into the player. That hesitation reflected a suspicion that “Indies Under Fire” would prove to be an exercise in Michael Moore-style muckraking, with plenty of sardonic editorial commentary stomping all over the documentary format. (That sort of thing has its uses, of course, but a viewer really has to be in the mood.)

My misgivings were misplaced. Jacob Bricca, the director of “Indies,” has taken a far more subtle and balanced approach to showing the effect of Borders on small independent bookshops. Through interviews with the owners, staff, and patrons of five West Coast stores — most of them eventually put out of business following the arrival of the chain in their neighborhoods — “Indies Under Fire” makes a strong case that the explosive growth of Borders over the past two decades has undermined community institutions that can’t readily be replaced.

The shops that Bricca portrays in the “Indies Under Fire” are perfect examples of what Ray Oldenburg , a sociologist at the University of West Florida, has dubbed “the third place,” with home and work being the first and second. A life spent shuttling between those two poles is, in important respects, only half a life. Third places are genuinely social venues — areas where friends and strangers can meet, mix, talk, argue, pair off, and otherwise create new connections. Oldenburg discusses the third-place concept in The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community (Paragon House, 1989).

The passionate attachment to their neighborhood bookstores expressed by patrons in “Indies Under Fire” makes evident why they qualify. The relationship with a store includes personal associations that mingle with public space. It is the place where one met certain people, first started reading a favorite book, or heard a local author talk about her new novel.

“People are saving two bucks on a book by buying at a chain store or on the internet,” says one person interviewed for the film, “but they’re going to lose this larger resource, this community resource they have. So the circle of reading gets smaller — it’s just you and the book and your computer screen.”

But the documentary also gives employees of Borders a chance to make their case — and it’s perhaps a stronger case than anyone on the indie side would want to admit.

Protesters complain that Borders is imposing cultural uniformity across the United States by destroying small businesses. (Some anti-corporate activists, as we are told by one person hostile to the chain, will go into a newly opened branch and quite literally vomit.)

The representatives from Borders respond that the stores are competitive for the simple reason that they are attractive and well-stocked. And they have a point. As with most bookstores, Borders makes a great deal of its money by selling whatever the public is demanding at the moment. But even its least well-stocked stores tend to have a decent selection of work that will only appeal to small audiences. Unlike certain other chains one could mention, Borders has (for example) a philosophy section where you can find Judith Butler and W.V. Quine, rather than gallons of “Chicken Soup for the Soul.”

An indie advocate who speaks in the opening of the documentary says that a great bookstore is one that doesn’t just have the title you are seeking. It also carries books you never knew existed, but that you discover you need.

Well, by that definition Borders may well qualify as a great bookstore — painful as this is to say about an engine of soulless corporate monoculture.

What makes last week’s news of restructuring worrisome is that all the talk of “right-sizing” and “reinvention” might translate into reduced inventory, plus a heavier emphasis on sure-fire bestsellers. And the changes sure won’t address one situation that the documentary doesn’t mention: The Borders work force is almost completely non-unionized.

The DVD for “Indies Under Fire” is not listed in the Borders catalog. But you can purchase a copy here.

Scott McLemee writes Intellectual Affairs each week. He also blogs at Quick Study.

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Comments

indies

Great piece, Scott, as always. I can’t wait to see the film—not to mention to see what happens when Labyrinth, a small chain with indie-like qualities, comes to Princeton this fall and sets out to become my third place.

A niggle—somehow the word Bookstores has crept into the title of Ray Oldenburg’s book, which makes you seem to contradict yourself.

tony grafton, at 7:05 am EDT on March 28, 2007

Subtitle

Thanks for the comment, Tony. We’ll tweak the article to remove the contradiction. But for the record: the word “bookstores” did not appear in the subtitle in either the original 1989 edition or the 1997 paperback reprint.

Then i suddenly appears there in the 1999 edition. I don’t know if Oldenburg said something about bookstores in new material for the 1999 version. But he doesn’t in the 1997 paperback, which is the version I’ve read.

Scott McLemee, columnist at Inside Higher Ed, at 7:35 am EDT on March 28, 2007

As I see it, Borders would be even better if they would just copy a practice of so many of the indies by having a bookstore cat.

Larry Mills, at 9:11 am EDT on March 28, 2007

Well, I have to first qualify myself because I actually worked for the “Great Satan,” and actually, I do have to give some support to Borders. Granted, I worked at the company when it was still owned by Tom and Louis Borders, and before it was the corporate monolith. But while Cleveland always had some good indie bookstores, I have to say that none of them ever took my breath away like my first ever visit to a Borders, at the flagship store in Ann Arbor. I had never seen so many books in my life at a bookstore. Even though I was a flat-broke undergrad, I immediately bought up far too many books than I could actually afford, because it was so intoxicating! This was before books could be purchased online, and it was tough to get books that you really wanted. Most indies in Cleveland had fairly good selections, but they were fairly deep in some areas (nearly all in fiction), and usually very shallow in areas I wanted, such as history. But Borders had it all. And when I had a chance to work for Borders and open up their first Cleveland store, I jumped at it. It was a great place to work, and while some people were unhappy with us because of the competition, others were ecstatic, becuase they too had never seen such breadth in what the store stocked. And yes, some independents did close, though the original Cleveland location wasn’t in a “neighborhood,” but in an outer-ring suburban shopping center. And the staff was hardly a bunch of die-hard business types. Most had worked for independent bookstores, some actually owned their own bookstores. Our wages were higher than other retail stores, and turnover on our staff was virtually nonexistent, which is really odd for a retailer. The truth is, we all loved books, and loved sharing that with our patrons. And we gave them intensive customer service as well. I have mixed feelings now, because when the company went public and acquired WaldenBooks, the corporate hierarchy was suddenly filled with WaldenBooks execs, and the whole mindset of the company changed. It was more about sell, sell, sell ... rather than being the cool place to hang out it had been. The company turned into giant mall stores, rather than the well-thought, well-stocked, bookstores run by bibliphiles that they once were. That said, I still shop there, because while I can get anything I want from online sellers, it doesn’t compare to being able to BROWSE ... to read the shelf, find an interesting title, pull it off, and sit there a while and read, and decide if I want it. You can’t do that electronically. And while some people are all about the “new” with anything technological, I don’t think books are ready to be replaced. It’s hard to cuddle up to an electronic book.

And let’s also keep historical perspective ... ALL retail has been getting bigger and bigger, so it’s not just independent booksellers who are feeling the pinch; it’s been independent grocers, it’s been small car dealerships, small shoe stores, small appliance stores, etc. It’s becoming more difficult to be a retail entrepreneur today because of the rush for massive size and limited service. Bookstores are just another in the long, long list of retail concepts that have been “super-sized.”

Chris Dawson, Manager, Funding Opportunities at Cuyahoga Community College, at 10:56 am EDT on March 28, 2007

The Little Shop Around The Corner

Heavens ... I would almost think you guys had not seen “You’ve Got Mail.”

My first purchase of a book at Borders was during the summer of 1972 at that one-room store on State Street in Ann Arbor. Later, they moved across the street, then expanded upstairs in the same building, and then moved a block away to that wonderful flagship store where Jacobsons used to be. I have spent many, many enjoyable hours – and much more money than I should have – in those stores.

I purchase an enormous number of books per year, all hardbacks (it’s a quite irrational fetish). Needless to say, it’s a remarkable “waste of money” because at least 60% of what I read could be checked out at my local public library. Until just a few months ago, the “best” bookstore in the town where I live is a Books-a-Million, which is really quite awful ... so at least once a month I would drive 45 miles to my nearest Borders where I invariably spent half the day.

Obviously, I remember Borders when it was owned and operated by Tom and Louis Borders, and I definitely remember when every employee of the store had to pass a test (knowledge of literature) to be employed. Even today, I enter the Amazon web-site by typing in “Borders.com”, enabling them get their tiny cut.

I could sense the “decline” of the company – even as the corporation grew – when (1) the literature test was no longer a requirement for employment, (2) the growth of the corporation took precedence over serving dedicated customers, and (3) Kmart purchased and merged Borders and Waldenbooks. If, when driving into a shopping mall, I happened to notice both a Borders and a Barnes & Noble, I would go to the former, but truth be known, these days that is a completely nostalgic and irrational choice.

I have gone to the new Borders here where I live, but, after an hour or so, I got the sense I was in a glorified Waldenbooks, not a Borders ... it was not very interesting – certainly not a good alternative to going on line – and it was all commercial. When I visit Ann Arbor, I always allocate some time for a visit to the “first” store, but, for me, the great pleasure I get from being in a bookstore now-a-days comes from being in a used book store or from visiting The Little Shop Around the Corner.

Sorry Borders, but my loyalty is waning.

RWH, at 12:26 pm EDT on March 28, 2007

corporate monolith benefits

I used to be a Borders employee, and at least in our town, they treated their workers much better than the Barnes and Noble did. We had a great scheduler, were paid about 25-50 cents more an hour at entry level, had good benefits, and were given several employee perks like Christmas shopping days with huge discounts. I am a HUGE fan of independent bookstores, but in a mid-size Midwestern town where the nearest bookstores were either crappy mall stores with bestsellers only, or a used bookstore almost twenty miles away, Borders was a godsend.

Now, when I get books or media I don’t like for birthdays or Christmas, I exchange them at Borders because even if my gifters didn’t buy it there, I feel like the corporation is large enough to “take the loss.” Does anyone else have that sort of reaction to the monoliths?

grad03, at 12:21 pm EDT on March 29, 2007

The Old Borders Is Dead

In the case of the one where I worked in Fort Worth, Texas from 1994-1997, that is literally true. But Borders’ death as a strong positive force in local communities began happening towards the end of my tenure there.

Prior to Borders, the Fort Worth bookstore scene was crap with a capital CRAP. The first time I walked into Borders #48 when it opened in 1993, I can honestly say that my love of reading—lost somewhere in college—was reborn.

What was better was when I worked for them, and got into the position of Community Relations Coordinator, a post all Borders stores had. My job was to connect with local charities and interest groups, as well as arrange book signings and music events for local and national writers and artists.

I brought in, among many other things, a Star Trek discussion group, a poetry reading group, a chess club, and a film discussion group, most of which were meeting in back rooms or nowhere at all prior to Borders. I gave local bands a place to play and sell their products. I gave local authors prominent shelf space and an opportunity to put themselves in front of people to be seen. I am extremely proud of all this, and glad that Borders gave me the opportunity to do it.

But my old job doesn’t exist anymore. Now there are regional CRCs who mostly hand out dates for bigwig signings. There is no connection with the community, and you can feel it when you walk in. It makes me incredibly sad, because I remember when Borders’ ambitions were much higher.

It’s fitting that my old store closed. With its soul removed, it was just a box full of books.

Matthew Broyles, at 7:51 pm EDT on March 29, 2007

An earlier comment noted that “ALL retail has been getting bigger and bigger, so it’s not just independent booksellers who are feeling the pinch; it’s been independent grocers, it’s been small car dealerships, small shoe stores, small appliance stores, etc. It’s becoming more difficult to be a retail entrepreneur today because of the rush for massive size and limited service. Bookstores are just another in the long, long list of retail concepts that have been ’super-sized.’”

Very true, and I agree completely. However, books aren’t just another bottle of ketchup. They aren’t mere merchandise. They represent ideas and history and facts and dreams. So if we lose indie bookstores, we lose something much more important to this nation than a place to buy shoes and appliances; we also lose the tremendous variety of voices and views that are available to us, and by extension, a hefty chunk of our First Amendment rights and intellectual freedom.

It’s important to note that the handful of individuals who determine what books Borders and Barnes & Noble will carry in their stores have extraordinary power. They literally decide what the vast majority of U.S. book consumers see on the shelves. And quite frequently what’s displayed prominently in these stores is there thanks to large amounts of “co-op” dollars from publishers who pay for the privilege. (Many indies get co-op, too, but it’s piddling compared to what the chains receive.)

If the big-box retailers continue putting indie bookstores out of business — and make no mistake, they’re gunning for them — the places where Americans are free to buy books will become fewer, and the variety of books available to us will dwindle.

Laundry detergent at a deep discount is one thing (and regrettable in its own way when it puts mom-and-pop stores out of business), but homogenizing bookstores and watering down America’s literary culture is something else entirely.

Larry Portzline, Executive Director at National Council on Bookstore Tourism, at 5:51 am EDT on April 5, 2007

Wow.

So much about evil giants without considering what is the giant’s objective. In this case it’s to make money, not destroy independent book stores. Borders, B&N, et al are interested in the consumers who buy books, indies only serve to confirm Census data that this is a good market.

The Borders strategy is to give a consumer as many choices as is logistically and financially possible. The average Borders store carries more than 100,000 TITLES. Something that few independents can muster. The only defense for Indies is to specialize and have deep knowledge of a specific subject area.

The deep discounts on “detergent” serve the same purpose that they do in grocery stores — to get you into the store where you will buy things that are not on sale — one of the other 99,999 titles.

To be sure corporate stores can be a little ham-handed, banning pets in stores and micro managing the display and presentation of books, but not every store manager will have the same book knowlege and presentation skills. The good store managers and staff will excell over the average neighborhood store and the less talented, with corporate nudging, will be no worse.

Borders and B&N are eager to be the “community institutions” that you want to have. Bringing local bands in to play, stocking the books of local authors, helping neighborhood non-profits, etc. (Perhaps you’ve noticed coffee shops in the stores)

I feel sorry for Indie book stores, just as I do for small hardware stores, but I think that clever ones manage to stay in business and build on their superiority. To a large extent, every new product or service or retailer displaces or eliminates the previous model. That is how our market system operates.

Alex Botkin, at 5:25 am EDT on April 25, 2007

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