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Satire as Racial Backlash Against Asian Americans

Imagine for a minute if student leaders at elite college campuses devoted themselves to mocking black people or Jewish people or gay people. I’m not talking about drunk students posting pictures of their offensive parties on Facebook, but student newspaper editors – thought of as being both smart and progressive – giving space over for the sole purpose of making fun of people because of their background. It’s hard to imagine. And yet recently this phenomenon of racial caricatures as “satire” has emerged with Asian Americans as the object of the jokes.

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Why Asian Americans? After all, Asian American college students tend to make headlines as super students, attending prestigious private and public colleges at rates way above their state demographics (hence they are “over-represented") and as excelling academically above and beyond any other racial group, whites included. This “model minority” image is not new and has been around since at least the late 1960s, with Asian Americans often embraced as symbols of the merits of hard work and individual effort, all undertaken without complaint or political agitation. So ... shouldn’t that mean that Asian Americans would be seen as well integrated — academic and otherwise — with white students?

Indeed, this image and the stereotype that all Asian American college students are high achieving have led to a belief that they are well integrated into higher education. I would go so far as to say this model minority image has also conveyed that racism and racial hostility are no longer issues for Asian American students. It is not uncommon for colleges to exclude Asian Americans from affirmative action recruitment efforts and services for “minority” students. Yes, it is true that unlike African Americans, Latinos, or Native Americans, many Asian ethnic groups — though not all — do not struggle with severe under-representation in college matriculation or retention rates. However, does this mean that they are not racial minorities and do not continue to confront racial issues on campuses? In my years as a student and administrator on various university campuses, I have been troubled by what I have observed to be the increasing exclusion of Asian Americans from “minority” student or diversity discussions. Asian Americans are not seen as contributing to diversity though, in and of themselves, they are extremely diverse. They are frequently not identified as being minority students; when I see conference papers, journal articles, or Web discussion on “minority” students, I look for any mention of Asian Americans, only to find, more often than not, their omission. The focus now seems to be on “underrepresented minorities” — or code for “minority, but not Asian American.” Asian Americans have been what I call “de-minoritized,” erased from these discussions.

By no means do I want to detract from the critical issues of representation that persist for African American, Latino, and Native American students; under-parity is a serious signal of inaccessibility and hostility for students of color grounded in long and problematic history. However, I do not subscribe to the presumption that the opposite of under-representation (over-representation) means that a racial non-white group has achieved integration and full acceptance. In fact, in the case of Asian Americans, their over-presence in competitive institutions such as Ivy League colleges has heightened a sense of backlash that takes highly racialized overtones and contributes to a negative campus climate for this “high achieving” group. Enter the campus paper satire, the latest manifestation.

As many Asian American studies scholars have pointed out, Asian Americans are depicted as model minorities but they are also portrayed as foreigners, disloyal to America, and suspicious. Despite generations of citizenship in the United States (after years of denial of naturalization rights for Asian immigrants), Asian Americans are still seen as foreign and un-American, often as the “enemy” during economic and military crises, as during the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans, during the 1980s economic recession and competition with Japan’s automotive industry that lay the backdrop to the beating and death of Vincent Chin, and currently with post-September 11 depictions of South Asians and Muslims as terrorists. Dual images of Asian Americans as model minorities, people to be praised and emulated and embraced, and foreign threats, people to be watched, monitored, and distrusted, have long been a part of U.S. history.

Recently, Asian American college students have emerged in the media in this foreigner/ invading guise — as the butt of “satirical” jokes published by college student papers. Whether or not these articles are “satires” or offensive representations is not my point. My focus is on the powerful and racialized imagery evoked — the jokes that continue to depict Asian Americans as foreign, un-American, inscrutable, non-English speakers— basically as anything but a regular college student on a university campus. And my focus is on the fact that often times not many people are laughing at these satires.

For instance, in October of 2006, Jed Levine published a “modest proposal for an immodest proposition” for the UCLA Daily Bruin. Speaking as a white male, he identified as an “underrepresented minority” and pointed to Asian Americans as the real problem who took away admissions slots from Black and Latino students and proposed a solution to the “Asian invasion” as funneling “young Maos and Kim Jongs” into a new UC campus “UC Merced Pandas.” In January 2007, the Daily Princetonian published its annual “joke issue” that included a satire of “Lian Ji", a twist on Jian Li, the Chinese American student at Yale, who filed a complaint with the U.S. Education Department for Civil Rights claiming his rejection from Princeton was due to his ethnicity. The joke article, from “Lian’s” point of view was written in broken English, complaining that Princeton did not accept “I the super smart Asian,” and touting the stereotypical nerdy Asian American credentials of winning record science fair awards, memorizing endless digits of pi, and playing multiple orchestral instruments simultaneously for the New Jersey youth orchestra. Ultimately, “Lian” accepts his fate at Yale saying, “I mean, I love Yale. Lots of bulldogs here for me to eat.”

Most recently, Inside Higher Ed reported on yet another satire in the University of Colorado at Boulder paper, The Campus Press, which resulted in controversy and a statement by the chancellor. In the satire, Max Karson, noticed the tensions that Asian American students exhibited towards whites. While pointing out the racial tensions on both sides, Karson deduces that Asians just hate whites, and it was “time for war.” Such efforts included steps to find all Asian Americans on campus (easily identifiable by areas of campus they frequent and by their ability to do a calculus problem in their heads), forcing them to eat bad sushi with forks; and a test for them to display emotions beyond a normal deadpan (read: inscrutable) face. At the end, Asian homes will be redecorated “American” style, replacing rice cookers with George Forman Grills and the like.

My point here is not to argue over what is satire, freedom of the press, artistic license, or the “right way” to read pieces such as these. Rather, my observation lies in the continued pattern of Asian American students being a) the butt of such jokes, basically the punchline; b) that the jokes are heavily laden with racial stereotypes; and c) that these such essays reveal volumes about racial relationships, tensions, and perceptions of Asian American students as all being, in some way, the same — foreigners, math and science nerds, and all around different from the regular average college student.

What does this recent rash of Asian Americans-as-satire articles tell us? Ultimately, that despite an image of Asian Americans as model minorities, super achieving students who thrive on college campuses, race continues to matter for Asian American students. Many Asian American students reject and challenge these depictions and stereotypes and seek campus policies that acknowledge and support their experiences. It tells us that higher education administrators need to look beyond Asian American model minority-ness and begin to reconsider a conception of “minority” student experiences beyond easily measured assessments of grade point average and SAT score, to recognize instances of racial alienation and marginalization embodied in these satires. It speaks to uncovering the experiences of Asian American students who want academic courses that reflect their histories and literature, to meeting their counseling service needs, to providing spaces of support through cultural centers and minority student services. It is to challenge the silencing and de-minoritization of Asian American students.

Many educational scholars demonstrate that campus climate measures go beyond statistical representation. These satirical articles reveal that something else is happening on campus regarding how Asian American students are perceived and represented and even reveals something in the sheer license felt to put forth such racialized representations of Asian American students at all. As campus parties where white students dress up like stereotypical African American or Latino caricatures seem to be in “vogue” these days, the preferred venue for Asian American figures seems to be in these campus pieces.

I end this essay aware that I am exposing myself to the response: “Asian Americans have it relatively made in higher education. What are you complaining about?” I have heard this response from students and administrators from all racial backgrounds. To those who would argue that other minority needs are more pressing and urgent, my appeal is to widen our working definitions and perceptions of “minority” students, to allow spaces for Asian Americans to enter and to work in coalition against such racialized hurtful images that affect all people of color. To those who don’t see Asian Americans as dealing with race at all, my response is to complain, to challenge the presumptions and expectations that I, an Asian American woman, should be the model minority who works hard and doesn’t complain. And I raise the question of these satires, what they mean, and how they can inform a better understanding of the experiences and needs of Asian American college students — no longer as “objects” of satire but subjects of their own lives.

Sharon S. Lee is a doctoral student in educational policy studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Comments

You didn’t mention that Asian-American students are often perceived as coming from wealthy (or at least well-to-do) backgrounds, as well. I suppose the stereotype is that their parents are all doctors, scientists, engineers. If there is that perception, that is another difficulty in seeing Asian-Americans as a “minority” in need of special consideration. The feeling is, “Well, they’re all rich high achievers anyway; so what are they complaining about?”

Oddly enough, this is another perception that gay activists don’t realize may be counting against them — the perception that they are all mostly white-collar, well-to-do, and have high paying jobs... ("so what’s THEIR problem now?")

Donna, at 8:50 am EST on February 28, 2008

While it’s certainly true that someone’s decision to write articles like the ones highlighted by the author, and someone else’s decision to print them, says something about our society, the more parsimonious approach is to treat them as sophomoric trash vetted by people hardly less sophomoric than the authors. If college students were well-informed and had good judgment, they probably wouldn’t need college.

Rich, at 9:35 am EST on February 28, 2008

Great Article and very well stated. It’s amazing that even after over 20 years of active work in the APA community against this sort of “racism” its still tolerated by schools.

Let’s be frank here. If someone printed a “satire” about an African-American in a school newspaper, a few things would happen. 1) The NAAACP will be pounding down the doors of the newspaper 2) There will be a rally and every African-American student will be pounding down the doors of the newspaper 3) The college will apologize profusely and will close the newspaper down 4) It will be front page news on CNN, Fox, and every other major network.5) The National Guard might even be called in to prevent any sort of riots from occuring.

That’s why you don’t see little or no “satire’s” about African Americans.

But somehow its become ok to do it to the Asian Americans. Need a minority group that won’t cause a riot? Pick A for Asian Americans. Need a minority group that usually never fights back? Pick A for Asian Americans. In fact, when America needs a boogieman for virtually any problem, real or imagined, Pick A for Asian Americans. This is not a stereotype, its a FACT.

This sort of behavior will continue to occur until Asian Americans realize that’s its NOT ok to turn the other cheek. Sadly, I’m beginning to think that a few college campuses need to burn to the ground before America starts to wake up and smell the rice and realize that Picking “A” can and will have disasterous consequences. Until then, I fear the Picking A will remain a popular choice.

Dizzy, at 12:20 pm EST on February 28, 2008

LGBT

I love this article for what it brings up around Race. I was a bit triggered in its beginning when it stated that if a paper wrote something so blatant about LGBT issues it would not be tolerated. I have seen negative articles and letters get tolerated before in the world, newspapers or not. LGBT people are second class citizens. They can’t marry, they can’t join the military and they can’t give blood. They are constantly under attack. Thus I propose the cycle of oppression is perhaps affecting the groups a bit differently overall and not quite as applicable in this case.

John, at 7:55 pm EST on February 28, 2008

Needs to be said

This has needed to be said for a long time. As a first-generation college student and an Asian-American, I find it offensively presumptuous that institutions of higher education think I don’t face any challenges because of how I look. College has been a struggle with isolation and alienation.

First-Generation College Student, at 9:10 pm EST on February 29, 2008

MAX KARSON’S PET PROJECT: A SATIRE

MAX KARSON’S PET PROJECT: A SATIREwritten by a non-journalist

I was walking out of Illegal Pete’s the other day, when I happened to see Max Karson come out of the women’s restroom.

I didn’t say anything. I figured Max Karson has a right to do what he wants. It’s not like he’s violated an actual law. So I decided to do the stereotypical Asian thing, and just keep my opinion to myself.

“Hey, aren’t you Max Karson?” I asked.

“Wow, I’m so glad you recognized me. I’ve worked very hard to get recognized in public,” Max bragged.

“So…where ya headed Max?” Not that I actually cared. Just making polite conversation.

“Well, coincidentally, I’m off to buy a dog,” giving me a little nudge.

“What do you mean, ‘coincidentally’?” I nudged back.

“You’re people are experts on dog, no?”

I was about to say something, but then I decided he had a right to his opinion, and once again, I decided to do the stereotypical thing, and just keep my opinion to myself.

“Why are you getting a dog?” I diverted.

“Well, let me ask you this: do you think if I put peanut butter where the sun don’t shine, and made the puppy lick me, would that be controversial?”

Did he really ask me that? I couldn’t have heard that correctly. How would one not know if that would be controversial?

“Sure,” I said in my most non-judgmental voice. After all, he’s only talking about it. It’s not like he’s actually going to do this, right? It’s just talk. So, he has the right to say what he is or is not going to do. So I said nothing.

“So you think it would get a lot of attention?” Max asked.

“Definitely. Especially with that recent Arvada dog case,” I said.

“What dog case?”

“You know. Rolo, the German shepherd that might get euthanized?”

It’s been all over the papers. I don’t even own a dog, and I know about it. Hmm. I guess we do know a lot about dogs.

Max just had a blank look on his face. Then his face lit up as if he had just reached enlightenment.

“That’s perfect!” he exclaimed, “I can say it’s a satire about putting animals down. And it’ll get a lot of press, which means more people will know about me,” he explained.

I was going to tell him that perhaps he should rethink his position, but that would be self-righteous of me, wouldn’t it? I mean, it’s just satire, right? It’s not like he actually DID anything. It’s just talk, right?

Max turned around and went back into the women’s restroom, “I need to talk to my editor.”

I wanted to stop him, but who am I to tell him what’s right and what’s wrong? He’s entitled to his opinion. It’s not like he actually DID anything. He’s just talking for now, right?

So I decided to do the stereotypical Asian thing, and just keep my opinion to myself.

ExploitAsian, non-journalist, at 8:25 am EST on March 1, 2008

MAX KARSON THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS

MAX KARSON THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASSwritten by a non-journalist

As I walked out of the UMC, and let my eyes adjust to the light, someone from behind me slammed into me. It was Cassie Hewlings, the editor of the Campus Press, dressed like a Kittredge duckling

“I’m sorry, quack, quack,” she said. Her eyes focused away from me.

I turned around and there was a mob of Korean students running toward her. Well, they looked Korean anyway.

“I’M SORRY! Quack, quack.” she exclaimed as she ran off, “I’m sorry! Quack, quack. I’m sorry! Double-quack.”

The mob of Koreans chased after her, still holding their fingers in their ears. I stopped one of them. She pulled her fingers out of her ears.

“Why do you have fingers in your ears?” I asked.

“Because we don’t trust her words anymore,” she said, and then continued the chase.

I walk over to a newsstand, and noticed all the copies of the Campus Press newspapers were gone. I go to another stand. Gone. Then I noticed a large pile of Campus Press newspapers sitting in the recycling bin. There were several days’ worth in there, and none of them had been read.

I pulled one out, and I noticed there were no advertisements. On top of that, all the articles were about the same topic, but just different tones. They looked like they were all authored by different people, but then I just realized the names were just anagrams of the same name. The subject matter was closet space efficiency.

A Japanese-looking student walked by, and dumped more Campus Press newspapers into the bin.

“Why are you throwing these away?” I inquired.

“Because we don’t trust their words anymore,” she explained. That’s when I noticed a whole line of Japanese students who have come to recycle the trash. Gotta love Japanese efficiency.

I walked outside, and noticed a podium at the end of the UMC fountain, which happened to be filled with some kind of Kool-Aid. A bunch of Vietnamese students were standing in front of the podium with their ears duct taped. I don’t know how I knew they were Vietnamese considering their eyes were also covered in duct tape, but some how, I just knew. We always know.

Then I saw Max Karson go up to the podium. Karson admired his audience for a second, lowered the mic, and turned around. Karson bent over, and grabbed hold of his cheeks to spread them apart.

Everything then started to spin.

His anus began to speak:

“When I wrote my Pulitzer Prize winning satire, I was speaking for the Asian people because God knows they don’t know enough English to speak for themselves. I know what it’s like to be an Asian. Correction, Asian-American. I love pho, kung-fu movies, and Japanese bondage. I didn’t need to interview anyone. That would have made me a common journalist. I’m above that. I know what’s it’s like to be an Asian-American. I know their pain and suffering first hand. I grew up as an Asian-American. I AM ASIAN-AMERICA! So I don’t owe Asian-Americans an apology. If anything, Asian-Americans owe me an apology…as soon as they pass their ESL classes.”

I got so dizzy, I had to take my fingers put them in my ears, and shut my eyes.

ExploitAsian, non-journalist, at 8:25 am EST on March 1, 2008

Thoughtful and timely article

Lee’s article is a thoughtful and timely contribution in higher education circles. She cogently brings to our attention exactly what is (not) happening in today’s society: people base their “knowledge” about Asian Americans and other groups based on limited interactions and racist stereotypes. “Ghetto”-themed parties, racist mascots, and other forms of so-called racial satire are all inexcusable forms of racial mockery steeped in the most troubling forms of bigotry. Yet when it comes to Asian Americans, so many administrators conveniently brush these issues aside using tired colorblind rhetoric: it’s-just-one-incident/it’s-not-really-racism excuse. Great work and keep writing!

Rachel, at 8:50 pm EST on March 1, 2008

Article stops short of real problem.....

First off, the argument of the article, that Asian-Americans have been disregarded as minorities because they do not fit the mold, is spot on. However, the article remains on this point as if that is the cause of the publishing of journalistic rubbish at Asian expense.

The truth is that our universities, and the journalism departments and student papers attached to them, have entirely shirked any responsibility to true education and civility on campus. The author erroneously inferred that articles about Jews and the LGBT community would not stand, while those about Asians do. Not true. A commenter has already stated that such attacks do occur against LGBTs. The same is true for Jews. One can easily find any number of anti-Jewish op-eds, cartoons, or even news reports in campus newspapers across the country. How about “Jews Manipulate America” published in the Santa Rosa Community College Newspaper. Or the cartoon of Jews with horns, or as nazis in Texas student newspapers.

The point is that Asians are not unique in their being rejected as a “favored” racial, religious or ethnic group on campus. They are being wronged, there is no doubt, but the solution is not to re-propel Asians into the protected status. The solution is to demand a higher level of excellence and responsibility from our nation’s highest institions of education. The standard for civility does not alter from one victim to the next. It is a constant or it is not civility at all.

If we see the solution to the journalistic failings as the need to recognize Asians as minorities, all we are doing is continually updating a list of “endagered” students which cannot be attacked, meanwhile leaving it open season on anyone else who happens to be left off the list. Asians are minorities, but that is not the reason they shouldn’t be ridiculed.

Callie, at 2:05 pm EST on March 3, 2008

Ms. Lee’s editorial duly draws attention to an embarrassing trend of behavior at our colleges. Why *are* other students haranguing Asian Americans? Is it simply to garner laughs, or is it an outward expression of students’ feelings of anger, jealousy, or even inadequacy, when faced with Asian American students’ successes?

My feeling is, students tend to satirize and stereotype groups which they feel act exclusive, be it Jews, Blacks, or Asians. On my college campus, though I had befriended several Asian American students (and I am not East Asian), my colleagues and I took notice when Black students and Asian students primarily socialized with others of their exact ethnicity. Perhaps some lack of social integration breeds suspicion and angst from the excluded students. The issue should be further explored. In any case, no group—whether a economically disadvantaged minority, or simply a minority—deserves this treatment, Free Speech or not.

Anil, at 6:10 pm EST on March 7, 2008

Eveyone wants to be a victim. A poor underachieving white kid is just as much a victim as anyone else. If the education system wants to solve problems, they should solve it for everyone.

Sharon — toughen up.

Dennis Ruhl, at 5:35 pm EDT on March 9, 2008

The New Racism

The new racism is antiwhite, antiasian and antisemitic. While it is no longer ok to call African Americans lazy, it is perfectly acceptable in much of academia to mock the achievements of Asians, attack “white culture” and alleged racism, and complain of some secret international Jewish conspiracy reminiscent of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (called by names like “the Israel Lobby").

Kevin, Undergraduate, at 4:15 pm EDT on March 12, 2008

Quite honestly, Asians are the only people in this country who are actually penalized for doing WELL. usually, people are rewarded for their hard work.

I think the model minority myth is the single most detrimental stereotype to asian americans because it allows people to adopt a callused attitude towards asians. After all, no one attempts to provide assistance to those perceived to be the “elite". Unfortunately, this perception causes poor asians and asians who need academic assistance to fall through the crack.

The biggest irony is that in spite of all the hard work by asian americans, we’ve never managed to rise to the top tier of business OR politics. We’re always the workers but not the boss. Its like how one can do everything right but STILL not get past the glass ceiling. If people TRULY wnt to talk about oppression, i think this is a subject worth discussion.

And finally, because of the model minority myth, we’ve now become a whipping boy for everybody’s problems. Whites who are against affirmative action say that without affirmative action, more asian americans will be able to get into colleges (i believe the open slots will be filled by white students instead). Whites who are FOR affirmative action, says asians are stealing spots from whites and those who are helped by affirmative action. Quite honestly, we’re caught in the cross fire of various battles waged by other people and we have absolutely no say over how we’re used. There are of course prejudiced blacks out there who see Asian Americans as being a part of the “white culture” and therefore a part of their problem. And then there are prejudiced whites who see Asians as the enemy who is here to steal whats rightfully theirs. Either way, it’s our fault but because of our status as pseudo-whites, we don’t get the same degree of consideration all other minorities get. Since we’re “practically like whites” we’re fair game for “satires” and because we’re “practically” but NOT white, we’re still subjected to various forms of prejudices.

talk about between a rock and a hard place.

^_^, at 5:10 pm EDT on April 9, 2008

De-constructing the Model Minority Myth

What is missing from all of these discussions is how immigration policy brought a disproportionate number of upper-income Asians into the academic marketplace and the job market.

Maybe we should de-construct the “model minority myth” along these lines. Was it hardwork or was it immigration policy that gave rise to the disproportionality in the academic institutions?

After all, college attendance is better predicted by SES than test scores.

JWS, None at None, at 7:05 pm EDT on July 13, 2008

Isn’t this just more of the same?

When you say that, in general, Asian Americans are “super achieving students who thrive on college campuses” aren’t you merely falling victim to the stereotyping game? I have known many an ‘Asian American’ who made poor grades or was a class clown. Why doesn’t the class clown Asian American get any representation? Stereotyping, even in a positive light, is inaccurate and offensive to those who experience a reality other than yours.

Marcus, at 9:05 am EDT on September 9, 2008

Asians often left out of racial issues or just don’t count.

Great article! I have noticed and just recently that durring conversations about race, Asians are left out or just don’t count. In example, the Tyra Banks Show. I sometimes have time to catch a show or two and she does emphasize race, issues, and stereotypes. Even on her show it is usually about Black and White. What happen to the Asians? Do we just not count because we are “light skinned” or so called over acheivers that come from a well to do family? Not all Asians are light skinned or come from a well to do family. I have yet to see a Tyra show about racial issues. Black, White, and Asian. I mean African, Caucasion, and Asian. The Asians being fully integrated into the show. Not just for support or to agree or disagree with a issue. I want to know how, what, why, and if African and Causcasions feel about Asians and how it may or may not be something significant in our culture, society, and world. I would appreciate any responses.

Judy, at 7:15 am EDT on October 26, 2008

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